A muscular wall is absent in

Andrew B Lumb MB BS FRCA, in Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (Eighth Edition), 2017 Pulmonary Capillaries Pulmonary capillaries tend to arise abruptly from much larger vessels, the pulmonary metarterioles. The capillaries form a dense network over the walls of one or more alveoli, and the spaces between the capillaries are similar in size to the capillaries themselves ( Fig. 1.7). In the resting state, ~75% of the capillary bed is filled but the percentage is higher in the dependent parts of the lungs. Inflation of the alveoli reduces the cross-sectional area of the capillary bed and increases resistance to blood flow ( Chapter 6). One capillary network is not confined to one alveolus but passes from one alveolus to another, and blood traverses a number of alveolar septa before reaching a venule. This clearly has a bearing on the efficiency of gas exchange. From the functional standpoint it is often more convenient to consider the pulmonary microcirculation rather than just the capillaries. The microcirculation is defined as the vessels that are devoid of a muscular layer and it commences with arterioles with a diameter of 75 µm and continues through the capillary bed as far as venules with a diameter of 200 µm. Special roles of the microcirculation are considered in Chapters 11 and 28. Jean-Pierre Barral D.O. (UK), MRO (F), Alain Croibier D.O., MRO(F), in Visceral Vascular Manipulations, 2011 1.3.3Capillaries Capillaries are very thin-walled structures with no contr...

Working our way from the inside of the vessel out, we see the next layer, called the tunica media. This is the muscular middle layer of the arteries and veins. You can easily recall this by remembering that 'media' and 'middle' and 'muscular' all start with the same letter, which is 'm.' The tunica media of arteries contains more smooth muscle than the tunica media of their counterpart, the veins, and this allows the arteries to constrict and dilate to adjust the volume of blood needed by the tissues that they feed. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer of the arteries and veins. The word 'adventitia' in tunica adventitia comes from the Latin 'adventicius,' which means 'coming from outside.' This strong outer layer is composed of connective tissue that allows the blood vessel to withstand forces acting on the vessel wall. It also contains strong collagen fibers that help anchor the blood vessel to surrounding tissues, and this gives the vessel some stability. The tunica adventitia layer is made up of connective tissue and withstands outside forces

Article: • • • • • • • • • • Images: • Gross anatomy In general, the anterior abdominal wall has nine layers (from superficial to deep) 4: • • subcutaneous fat (Camper's fascia) • • • • • • • The muscle layers include the The Arterial supply The muscles and associated soft tissues derive blood supply from branches of the 4. Arterial supply below the umbilicus is from superficial epigastric arteries, Venous drainage Superficial veins are paired with the arteries. Veins above the umbilicus drain into the A few Lymphatic drainage The Innervation Derived from the ventral rami of T7 through L1. Thoracoabdominal nerves from the ventral rami of T7 to T11. 4. Variant anatomy • variable level of the arcuate line • variable number of horizontal septations in rectus abdominis • presence (or absence) of • presence (or absence) of superficial inferior epigastric artery supplying superficial tissues of abdominal wall below the level of the umbilicus Radiographic features Plain radiograph Muscle layers of the anterior abdominal wall may be outlined between the extraperitoneal fat and subcutaneous fat layers, especially in obese patients. CT Three muscle layers ( Related pathology • • • • • 1. Last's Anatomy: Regional and Applied. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN:044304662X. • 2. FFR(RCSI) SRFRCSI, FRCR MMMRCPIF, FFSEM SJEMBMMRCPIFFRCR. Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. Saunders Ltd. ISBN:0702029718. • 3. Butler P, Mitchell A, Healy JC. Applied Radiological Anatomy. Cambridge University Press. (...

The esophagus is a muscular tube-shaped organ of around 25 centimeters in length that connects the Pharynx The pharynx is a component of the digestive system that lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. The pharynx can be divided into the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx. Pharyngeal muscles play an integral role in vital processes such as breathing, swallowing, and speaking. to the Stomach The stomach is a muscular sac in the upper left portion of the abdomen that plays a critical role in digestion. The stomach develops from the foregut and connects the esophagus with the duodenum. Structurally, the stomach is C-shaped and forms a greater and lesser curvature and is divided grossly into regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. . The organ extends from approximately the 6th cervical vertebra to the 11th thoracic vertebra and can be divided grossly into 3 parts: the cervical part, the thoracic part, and the abdominal part. The wall of the esophagus is made up of 4 primary layers: mucosa (lined with squamous Epithelium The epithelium is a complex of specialized cellular organizations arranged into sheets and lining cavities and covering the surfaces of the body. The cells exhibit polarity, having an apical and a basal pole. Structures important for the epithelial integrity and function involve the basement membrane, the semipermeable sheet on which the cells rest, and interdigitations, as well as cellular junctions. ), submucosa, a thick...

Article: • • • • • • • • • • Images: • Gross anatomy In general, the anterior abdominal wall has nine layers (from superficial to deep) 4: • • subcutaneous fat (Camper's fascia) • • • • • • • The muscle layers include the The Arterial supply The muscles and associated soft tissues derive blood supply from branches of the 4. Arterial supply below the umbilicus is from superficial epigastric arteries, Venous drainage Superficial veins are paired with the arteries. Veins above the umbilicus drain into the A few Lymphatic drainage The Innervation Derived from the ventral rami of T7 through L1. Thoracoabdominal nerves from the ventral rami of T7 to T11. 4. Variant anatomy • variable level of the arcuate line • variable number of horizontal septations in rectus abdominis • presence (or absence) of • presence (or absence) of superficial inferior epigastric artery supplying superficial tissues of abdominal wall below the level of the umbilicus Radiographic features Plain radiograph Muscle layers of the anterior abdominal wall may be outlined between the extraperitoneal fat and subcutaneous fat layers, especially in obese patients. CT Three muscle layers ( Related pathology • • • • • 1. Last's Anatomy: Regional and Applied. Churchill Livingstone. ISBN:044304662X. • 2. FFR(RCSI) SRFRCSI, FRCR MMMRCPIF, FFSEM SJEMBMMRCPIFFRCR. Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. Saunders Ltd. ISBN:0702029718. • 3. Butler P, Mitchell A, Healy JC. Applied Radiological Anatomy. Cambridge University Press. (...

Working our way from the inside of the vessel out, we see the next layer, called the tunica media. This is the muscular middle layer of the arteries and veins. You can easily recall this by remembering that 'media' and 'middle' and 'muscular' all start with the same letter, which is 'm.' The tunica media of arteries contains more smooth muscle than the tunica media of their counterpart, the veins, and this allows the arteries to constrict and dilate to adjust the volume of blood needed by the tissues that they feed. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer of the arteries and veins. The word 'adventitia' in tunica adventitia comes from the Latin 'adventicius,' which means 'coming from outside.' This strong outer layer is composed of connective tissue that allows the blood vessel to withstand forces acting on the vessel wall. It also contains strong collagen fibers that help anchor the blood vessel to surrounding tissues, and this gives the vessel some stability. The tunica adventitia layer is made up of connective tissue and withstands outside forces

The esophagus is a muscular tube-shaped organ of around 25 centimeters in length that connects the Pharynx The pharynx is a component of the digestive system that lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. The pharynx can be divided into the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx. Pharyngeal muscles play an integral role in vital processes such as breathing, swallowing, and speaking. to the Stomach The stomach is a muscular sac in the upper left portion of the abdomen that plays a critical role in digestion. The stomach develops from the foregut and connects the esophagus with the duodenum. Structurally, the stomach is C-shaped and forms a greater and lesser curvature and is divided grossly into regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. . The organ extends from approximately the 6th cervical vertebra to the 11th thoracic vertebra and can be divided grossly into 3 parts: the cervical part, the thoracic part, and the abdominal part. The wall of the esophagus is made up of 4 primary layers: mucosa (lined with squamous Epithelium The epithelium is a complex of specialized cellular organizations arranged into sheets and lining cavities and covering the surfaces of the body. The cells exhibit polarity, having an apical and a basal pole. Structures important for the epithelial integrity and function involve the basement membrane, the semipermeable sheet on which the cells rest, and interdigitations, as well as cellular junctions. ), submucosa, a thick...

Andrew B Lumb MB BS FRCA, in Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (Eighth Edition), 2017 Pulmonary Capillaries Pulmonary capillaries tend to arise abruptly from much larger vessels, the pulmonary metarterioles. The capillaries form a dense network over the walls of one or more alveoli, and the spaces between the capillaries are similar in size to the capillaries themselves ( Fig. 1.7). In the resting state, ~75% of the capillary bed is filled but the percentage is higher in the dependent parts of the lungs. Inflation of the alveoli reduces the cross-sectional area of the capillary bed and increases resistance to blood flow ( Chapter 6). One capillary network is not confined to one alveolus but passes from one alveolus to another, and blood traverses a number of alveolar septa before reaching a venule. This clearly has a bearing on the efficiency of gas exchange. From the functional standpoint it is often more convenient to consider the pulmonary microcirculation rather than just the capillaries. The microcirculation is defined as the vessels that are devoid of a muscular layer and it commences with arterioles with a diameter of 75 µm and continues through the capillary bed as far as venules with a diameter of 200 µm. Special roles of the microcirculation are considered in Chapters 11 and 28. Jean-Pierre Barral D.O. (UK), MRO (F), Alain Croibier D.O., MRO(F), in Visceral Vascular Manipulations, 2011 1.3.3Capillaries Capillaries are very thin-walled structures with no contr...

Andrew B Lumb MB BS FRCA, in Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology (Eighth Edition), 2017 Pulmonary Capillaries Pulmonary capillaries tend to arise abruptly from much larger vessels, the pulmonary metarterioles. The capillaries form a dense network over the walls of one or more alveoli, and the spaces between the capillaries are similar in size to the capillaries themselves ( Fig. 1.7). In the resting state, ~75% of the capillary bed is filled but the percentage is higher in the dependent parts of the lungs. Inflation of the alveoli reduces the cross-sectional area of the capillary bed and increases resistance to blood flow ( Chapter 6). One capillary network is not confined to one alveolus but passes from one alveolus to another, and blood traverses a number of alveolar septa before reaching a venule. This clearly has a bearing on the efficiency of gas exchange. From the functional standpoint it is often more convenient to consider the pulmonary microcirculation rather than just the capillaries. The microcirculation is defined as the vessels that are devoid of a muscular layer and it commences with arterioles with a diameter of 75 µm and continues through the capillary bed as far as venules with a diameter of 200 µm. Special roles of the microcirculation are considered in Chapters 11 and 28. Jean-Pierre Barral D.O. (UK), MRO (F), Alain Croibier D.O., MRO(F), in Visceral Vascular Manipulations, 2011 1.3.3Capillaries Capillaries are very thin-walled structures with no contr...

The esophagus is a muscular tube-shaped organ of around 25 centimeters in length that connects the Pharynx The pharynx is a component of the digestive system that lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. The pharynx can be divided into the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx. Pharyngeal muscles play an integral role in vital processes such as breathing, swallowing, and speaking. to the Stomach The stomach is a muscular sac in the upper left portion of the abdomen that plays a critical role in digestion. The stomach develops from the foregut and connects the esophagus with the duodenum. Structurally, the stomach is C-shaped and forms a greater and lesser curvature and is divided grossly into regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. . The organ extends from approximately the 6th cervical vertebra to the 11th thoracic vertebra and can be divided grossly into 3 parts: the cervical part, the thoracic part, and the abdominal part. The wall of the esophagus is made up of 4 primary layers: mucosa (lined with squamous Epithelium The epithelium is a complex of specialized cellular organizations arranged into sheets and lining cavities and covering the surfaces of the body. The cells exhibit polarity, having an apical and a basal pole. Structures important for the epithelial integrity and function involve the basement membrane, the semipermeable sheet on which the cells rest, and interdigitations, as well as cellular junctions. ), submucosa, a thick...