Ajantha ellora caves

World Heritage partnerships for conservation Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in today’s complex world, where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development, unsustainable tourism practices, neglect, natural calamities, pollution, political instability, and conflict. • tree roots above the caves create cracks and increase water seepage into the caves, which leads to wall painting and sculpture damage and eventual structural instability; • humidity increase within the caves caused by uncontrolled numbers of visitors which leads to fungus growth, attracting insects and eventually bats; • inadequate security encourages vandalism and theft. Previous deliberations: 25th extraordinary session of the Bureau (Chapter number III.249). Main issues: • Lack of microclimate control • Progressive structural deterioration • Absence of restoration and conservation codes adopted and implemented on a regular basis following international conservation norms New information: Upon the request of the national authorities, the World Heritage Centre organized a reactive monitoring mission by an international mural painting expert nominated by ICCROM between 1-9 December 2001. The mission examined the state of conservation of the mural paintings within the Ajanta and Ellora Caves and noted the following main threats facing the wall paintings: • infiltration of rainwater into the caves; • minor...

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World Heritage partnerships for conservation Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in today’s complex world, where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development, unsustainable tourism practices, neglect, natural calamities, pollution, political instability, and conflict. • tree roots above the caves create cracks and increase water seepage into the caves, which leads to wall painting and sculpture damage and eventual structural instability; • humidity increase within the caves caused by uncontrolled numbers of visitors which leads to fungus growth, attracting insects and eventually bats; • inadequate security encourages vandalism and theft. Previous deliberations: 25th extraordinary session of the Bureau (Chapter number III.249). Main issues: • Lack of microclimate control • Progressive structural deterioration • Absence of restoration and conservation codes adopted and implemented on a regular basis following international conservation norms New information: Upon the request of the national authorities, the World Heritage Centre organized a reactive monitoring mission by an international mural painting expert nominated by ICCROM between 1-9 December 2001. The mission examined the state of conservation of the mural paintings within the Ajanta and Ellora Caves and noted the following main threats facing the wall paintings: • infiltration of rainwater into the caves; • minor...

Ellora Caves These 34 monasteries and temples, extending over more than 2 km, were dug side by side in the wall of a high basalt cliff, not far from Aurangabad, in Maharashtra. Ellora, with its uninterrupted sequence of monuments dating from A.D. 600 to 1000, brings the civilization of ancient India to life. Not only is the Ellora complex a unique artistic creation and a technological exploit but, with its sanctuaries devoted to Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, it illustrates the spirit of tolerance that was characteristic of ancient India. Description is available under license Grottes d'Ellora Trente-quatre monastères et temples ont été creusés en succession serrée dans la paroi d'une haute falaise basaltique, non loin d'Aurangabad, contribuant à faire revivre une brillante civilisation ancienne dans une séquence ininterrompue de monuments datables de 600 à 1000. L'ensemble d'Ellora est une réalisation artistique unique et un tour de force technique. Avec ses sanctuaires consacrés respectivement au bouddhisme, au brahmanisme et au jaïnisme, il illustre l'esprit de tolérance caractéristique de l'Inde ancienne. Description is available under license كُهف إلورا تمّ حفر أربعة وثلاثين ديراً ومعبداً تباعاً في جدار جُرف عال بزلتيّ لا يبعد عن أورانغباد، مما ساهم في إعادة إنعاش حضارة لامعة قديمة في تسلسل متواصل من النصب التذكارية العائدة لفترة تتراوح بين عامي600 و1000. وتشكّل مجموعة إلورا إنجازاً فنياً فريداً من نوعه وقوةً تقنيةً تتطلّب الجهد. ويجسد الكهف بمعابده المخصّصة على التو...

There are 34 caves at Ellora dating from between the 6th and 11th centuries AD, and 29 caves at Ajanta dating back to between the 2nd century BC and 6th century AD. The caves at Ajanta are all Buddhist, while the caves at Ellora are a mixture of Buddhist, Hindu and Jain. Funds for the construction of the caves were provided by various rulers. The incredible Kailasa Temple (also known as the Kailasha Temple), which forms Cave 16 at Ellora, is undoubtedly the most famous attraction. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and his sacred abode at Mount Kailasha. Its immense size covers twice the area of the Parthenon in Athens, and is one and a half times as high! The life-size elephant sculptures are a highlight. Alternatively, Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation conducts inexpensive daily guided bus tours to the Ajanta and Ellora caves from Aurangabad. The buses are comfortable air-conditioned Volvo buses. The tours run separately—one goes to Ajanta and the other to Ellora—and can be booked in advance at the Central Bus Stand and CIDCO Bus Stand. • The Ajanta bus tour departs from the Central Bus Stand at 7.30 a.m. and arrives back at 5.20 p.m. The cost is 711 rupees per person. • The Ellora bus tour departs from the Central Bus Stand at 8.30 a.m and arrives back at 5.30 p.m. It includes Daultabad Fort, Bibi Ka Maqbara and Panchakki. The cost is 276 rupees per person. Or, if you'd prefer to travel independently, you can easily take a public Maharashtra State Road Tra...

The Deccan Traps continental flood basalt province, ~ 65 million years in age and covering ~ 500,000 km 2 of western and central India today, contains some 1200 rock-cut caves. The largest and finest are the Ajanta Caves (second century B.C. to seventh century A.D.), famous for their Buddhist religious sculptures and murals, and the Ellora Caves (fifth to eleventh centuries A.D.), equally famous for their Hindu, Buddhist and Jain religious sculptures. Both sites are protected monuments of the Archaeological Survey of India and UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and extensive studies of their architectural and artistic heritage exist. However, no detailed geological-volcanological account of these monuments exists in the Deccan Traps literature, except for brief mentions of their well-developed compound pāhoehoe lava flows. This paper documents the well-exposed stacking geometry of these lava flows, compound at various size scales, and their internal structures. The latter include a three-tier division into upper crust, core and lower crust, basal pipe vesicles, upper crustal vesicular banding, ropy surfaces, and lobes and tumuli with tensional inflation clefts which sometimes produced lava squeeze-ups and were commonly filled by younger lava. The lava flows are thus hummocky pāhoehoe, like many modern basaltic lava flows of Kilauea. They may be distal parts of the same lava flows or flow fields which are represented by sheet lobes in proximal (near-vent) areas. The Ajanta and El...

The Deccan Traps continental flood basalt province, ~ 65 million years in age and covering ~ 500,000 km 2 of western and central India today, contains some 1200 rock-cut caves. The largest and finest are the Ajanta Caves (second century B.C. to seventh century A.D.), famous for their Buddhist religious sculptures and murals, and the Ellora Caves (fifth to eleventh centuries A.D.), equally famous for their Hindu, Buddhist and Jain religious sculptures. Both sites are protected monuments of the Archaeological Survey of India and UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and extensive studies of their architectural and artistic heritage exist. However, no detailed geological-volcanological account of these monuments exists in the Deccan Traps literature, except for brief mentions of their well-developed compound pāhoehoe lava flows. This paper documents the well-exposed stacking geometry of these lava flows, compound at various size scales, and their internal structures. The latter include a three-tier division into upper crust, core and lower crust, basal pipe vesicles, upper crustal vesicular banding, ropy surfaces, and lobes and tumuli with tensional inflation clefts which sometimes produced lava squeeze-ups and were commonly filled by younger lava. The lava flows are thus hummocky pāhoehoe, like many modern basaltic lava flows of Kilauea. They may be distal parts of the same lava flows or flow fields which are represented by sheet lobes in proximal (near-vent) areas. The Ajanta and El...

• العربية • অসমীয়া • বাংলা • Беларуская • Български • Català • Cebuano • Čeština • Dansk • Deutsch • Ελληνικά • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Français • ગુજરાતી • गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni • 한국어 • Հայերեն • हिन्दी • Hrvatski • Igbo • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • עברית • ಕನ್ನಡ • ქართული • Қазақша • Кыргызча • Latviešu • Lietuvių • Magyar • मैथिली • മലയാളം • Malti • मराठी • مصرى • ဘာသာ မန် • Bahasa Melayu • မြန်မာဘာသာ • Nederlands • नेपाली • 日本語 • Нохчийн • Norsk bokmål • ଓଡ଼ିଆ • Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • संस्कृतम् • Scots • Shqip • සිංහල • Simple English • سنڌي • Slovenčina • Српски / srpski • Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски • Suomi • Svenska • தமிழ் • ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး • తెలుగు • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • Tiếng Việt • 吴语 • 粵語 • 中文 • v • t • e The Ajanta Caves are 29 The caves were built in two phases, the first starting around the second century BCE and the second occurring from 400 to 650 CE, according to older accounts, or in a brief period of 460–480 CE according to later scholarship. The Ajanta Caves constitute ancient monasteries (Chaityas) and worship-halls (Viharas) of different Buddhist traditions carved into a 75-metre (246ft) wall of rock. Jatakamala, and rock-cut sculptures of Buddhist deities. The earliest group consists of caves 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15A. The murals in these caves depict stories from the vihāras (see the architecture section below for descriptions of these types). According to...

World Heritage partnerships for conservation Ensuring that World Heritage sites sustain their outstanding universal value is an increasingly challenging mission in today’s complex world, where sites are vulnerable to the effects of uncontrolled urban development, unsustainable tourism practices, neglect, natural calamities, pollution, political instability, and conflict. • tree roots above the caves create cracks and increase water seepage into the caves, which leads to wall painting and sculpture damage and eventual structural instability; • humidity increase within the caves caused by uncontrolled numbers of visitors which leads to fungus growth, attracting insects and eventually bats; • inadequate security encourages vandalism and theft. Previous deliberations: 25th extraordinary session of the Bureau (Chapter number III.249). Main issues: • Lack of microclimate control • Progressive structural deterioration • Absence of restoration and conservation codes adopted and implemented on a regular basis following international conservation norms New information: Upon the request of the national authorities, the World Heritage Centre organized a reactive monitoring mission by an international mural painting expert nominated by ICCROM between 1-9 December 2001. The mission examined the state of conservation of the mural paintings within the Ajanta and Ellora Caves and noted the following main threats facing the wall paintings: • infiltration of rainwater into the caves; • minor...

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