Anatomy of flowering plants

\( \newcommand\): Floral Structure Symmetry and Quantity Two other features used to identify flowers are symmetry and the number of parts in each whorl. Flowers that have multiple lines of symmetry (like a starfish) are radially symmetrical, also called actinomorphic. Flowers with only a single line of symmetry (like you) are bilaterally symmetrical, also called zygomorphic. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Flowers and symmetry Flowers with parts in sets of 3 are generally monocots. Flowers with parts in sets of 4 or 5 are generally eudicots. Sometimes these parts are fused together and can be difficult to count. For example, in the diagram of the lily above, there are three fused carpels. You would only be able to determine this by counting the lobes on the stigma or by looking at a cross section of the ovary to count the different compartments (called locules). Notes on other terms Many wind pollinated flowers have evolved to be either male or female, containing either an androecium or gynoecium, but not both. These flowers are called imperfect, while flowers containing both internal whorls are called perfect. Flowers that contain all whorls are called complete. However, there are also incomplete flowers that have lost other whorls during the course of their evolution. Wild ginger, Asarum caudatum (shown below), has lost its corolla and has a large showy calyx in its place. This strange plant has fly pollinated flowers and ant dispersed seeds. Figure \(\PageIndex\): Asarum caudatu...

Lets us understand the classification of Angiosperms or flowering plants. Classification of Angiosperms A large number of plants fall into this category and so there was a requirement to classify angiosperms. There are three systems that classify • Artificial Systems based on superficial features. • Natural systems based on form relationships. • Phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary and Browse more Topics under Anatomy Of Flowering Plants • • • • • • • • • • Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants Artificial systems These systems of classification were based on one or few morphological characters. Many botanists used this system and classified angiosperms into different classes. Few of these botanists are • Theophrastus- who is known as the father of botany and apparently the first to provide a difference between dicots and monocots. • John Ray- His system was more advanced than the earlier systems • Carolus Linnaeus- Introduced the binomial system of naming Natural Systems These systems the plants were classified on the basis of their natural affinities (i.e. the basic similarities in the morphology) rather than on a character for determining the affinities. Compared to the artificial systems, it was based on the proper utilization of all facts and figures avai­lable in nature. In this system, the Learn more about Phylogenetic systems These classification systems came up after Darwin’s theory of There were two popular systems: Engler and Prantl: They ar...

Class 11 Latest NCERT Biology Textbook: Earlier there used to be 22 chapters in CBSE Class 11 Biology which are now reduced to 19. This means, three chapters have been completely removed from the CBSE Biology Class 11 syllabus. NCERT has followed this same revision and reduced its Class Biology textbook content to 19 chapters. The remaining 19 chapters are not the same in terms of content, they have also faced some internal revision. A few topics and related examples have been removed along with exercise questions. This syllabus and NCERT textbook will be followed until further revision. Thus, it is crucial for students to know what content has been removed and what is kept, for effective learning and proper coverage of the subject curriculum. Students can find the NCERT 2023-24 Class 11 Biology textbook in this article. The book is provided here in chapter-wise format for which pdfs can be downloaded from the table attached below. • CBSE Class 11 Syllabus 2023-24 (All Subjects ) PDF • CBSE Class 11 Deleted Syllabus (All Subjects) PDF • NCERT Class 11 Rationalised Content (All Subjects) PDF NCERT Book for Class 11 Biology: In English Chapter No. Chapter Name Chapter PDF 1 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Download PDF 2 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD Download PDF 3 PLANT KINGDOM Download PDF 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM Download PDF 5 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS Download PDF 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Download PDF 7 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS Download PDF 8 CEL...

Understanding plant anatomy is not only fundamental to the study of plant systematics and palaeobotany, but is also an essential part of evolutionary biology, physiology, ecology and the rapidly expanding science of developmental genetics. This modernised new edition covers all aspects of comparative plant structure and development, arranged in a series of chapters on the stem, root, leaf, flower, pollen, seed and fruit. Internal structures are described using magnification aids from the simple hand-lens to the electron microscope. Numerous references to recent topical literature are included, and new illustrations reflect a wide range of flowering plant species. The phylogenetic context of plant names has been updated as a result of improved understanding of the relationships among flowering plants. This clearly written text is ideal for students studying a wide range of courses in botany and plant science, and is also an excellent resource for professional and amateur horticulturists. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@k...

Plants are eukaryotic organisms that are characterized by their ability to produce their own food. They are vital to all life on earth because they provide oxygen, shelter, clothing, food, and medicine for other living organisms. Plants are very diverse and include organisms such as mosses, vines, trees, bushes, grasses, and ferns. Plants can be vascular or Root System The roots of a flowering plant are very important. They keep the plant anchored in the ground, and they obtain nutrients and water from the soil. Roots are also useful for food storage. Nutrients and water are absorbed through tiny root hairs that extend from the root system. Some plants have a primary root, or taproot, with smaller secondary roots extending from the main root. Others have fibrous roots with thin branches extending in various directions. All roots do not originate underground. Some plants have roots that originate above ground from stems or leaves. These roots, called adventitious roots, provide support for the plant and may even give rise to a new plant. • Plant stems provide support for the plant and allow nutrients and water to travel throughout the plant. Within the stem and throughout the plant are tube-like tissues called xylem and phloem. These tissues carry water, food, and nutrients to all parts of the plant. • Leaves are the sites of food production for the flowering plant. It is here that the plant acquires light energy and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and releases oxygen int...

• Plant leaves are very important structures as they help to maintain life on earth by generating food (sugars) via photosynthesis. • Leaves can have different shapes and sizes. The basic components of leaves in flowering plants (angiosperms) include the blade, the petiole, and the stipules. • There are three main tissues found in leaves: the epidermis, the mesophyll, as well as vascular tissue. Each tissue type is composed of layers of cells. • In addition to performing photosynthesis, some plants have other highly specialized functions. Examples include carnivorous plants that can 'eat' insects. • Some animals, like the Indian leafwing butterfly, mimic leaves to camouflage themselves from predators. Basic Leaf Anatomy of Flowering Plants. Evelyn Bailey Leaves can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes. Most leaves are broad, flat and typically green in color. Some plants, such as conifers, have leaves that are shaped like needles or scales. Leaf shape is adapted to best suit the plant's Blade - broad portion of a leaf. • Apex - leaf tip. • Margin - leaf edge boundary area. Margins can be smooth, jagged (toothed), lobed, or parted. • Veins - vascular tissue bundles that support the leaf and transport nutrients. • Midrib - central main vein arising from secondary veins. • Base - area of the leaf that connects the blade to the petiole. Petiole - thin stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem. Stipules - leaf-like structures at the leaf base. Leaf shape, margin, and venation...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • The flowering plants (angiosperms) go through a phase of vegetative growth producing more stems and leaves and a flowering phase where they produce the organs for sexual reproduction. In " annuals", like the snapdragon, the vegetative phase begins with germination of the seed. Flowering follows and ends with the senescence and death of the plant. In biennials, the vegetative phase takes up the first year; flowering followed by death occurs the second year. In perennials, flowering typically occurs year after year when conditions are appropriate. Figure 16.4.5.1 Meristem Vegetative growth of the above-ground part of the plant — the shoot— occurs at the apical meristem. This is a mass of undifferentiated cells at the tip of the stem. Mitosis of these cells produces cells that differentiate to form more stem, leaves and secondary meristems. Also called lateral buds, these form in the axils of the leaves and will form branches. The Signal to Flower Flowering involves the conversion of the apical meristem into a floral meristem, from which all the parts of the flower will be produced. Signals that change the fate of the apical meristem include: • maturity of the plant • temperature • the arrival of the plant hormone gibberellin • for many plants, photoperiod - the relative length of day and night. Temperature Many annual plants (e.g., winter wheat) and biennial plants have their time of flowering delayed unless they have undergone a preceding period...