Anatomy of lungs

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • The respiratory system include lungs, airways and respiratory muscles. Ventilation is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. Key Points • Ventilation occurs under the control of the autonomic nervous system from parts of the brain stem—the medulla oblongata and the pons —that together form the respiration regulatory center. • The three types of ventilation are minute ventilation, alevolar ventilation, and dead space ventilation. • Inhalation is initiated by the diaphragm and supported by the external intercostal muscles. Additional accessory muscles include sternocleidomastoid, platysma, the scalene muscles of the neck, pectoral muscles, and the latissimus dorsi. • When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage expands and the contents of the abdomen are moved downward, resulting in a larger thoracic volume and negative pressure (with respect to atmospheric pressure) inside the chest. • Exhalation is generally a passive process since the lungs have a natural elasticity; they recoil from the stretch of inhalation and air flows back out until the pressures in the chest and the atmosphere reach equilibrium. • Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli, the tiny sacs that are the basic functional component of the lungs. The alveoli are interwoven with capillaries that connect to the larger bloodstream. Key Terms • elastic recoil: The lungs’ rebound from the stretch of inhalation that passively removes air from the lungs during exhalation. • Dead spa...

The lungs are the center of the respiratory (breathing) system. Every cell of the body needs oxygen to stay alive and healthy. Your body also needs to get rid of carbon dioxide. This gas is a waste product that is made by the cells during their normal, everyday functions. Your lungs are specially designed to exchange these gases every time you breathe in and out. Let’s take a closer look at this complex system. This spongy, pinkish organ looks like two upside-down cones in your chest. The right lung is made up of three lobes. The left lung has only two lobes to make room for your heart. Bronchial tree The lungs begin at the bottom of your trachea (windpipe). The trachea is a tube that carries the air in and out of your lungs. Each lung has a tube called a bronchus that connects to the trachea. The trachea and bronchi airways form an upside-down “Y” in your chest. This “Y” is often called the The bronchioles. Like the branches of a tree, these tiny tubes stretch out into every part of your lungs. Some of them are so tiny that they have the thickness of a hair. You have almost 30,000 bronchioles in each lung. Each bronchiole tube ends with a cluster of small air sacs called alveoli (individually referred to as alveolus). They look like tiny grape bunches or very tiny balloons. There are about 600 million Summary Each lung is divided into lobes. The bronchial tree running through your lungs is made up of the windpipe, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The lungs are the main ...

OpenStax College / Wikimedia Creative Commons There are a number of medical conditions that can affect the pleura, including pleural effusions, a collapsed lung, and cancer. When excess fluid accumulates between the pleural membranes, various procedures may be used to either drain the fluid or eliminate the space between them. • The visceral pleura is the thin, slippery membrane that covers the surface of the lungs and dips into the areas separating the different lobes of the lungs (called the hilum). • The parietal pleura is the outer membrane that lines the inner chest wall and diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities). What the Pleura Do The structure of the pleura is essential to respiration, providing the lungs with the lubrication and cushioning needed to inhale and exhale. The intrapleural space contains roughly 4 cubic centimeters (ccs) to 5 ccs of pleural fluid, which reduces friction whenever the lungs expand or contract. Because the pleura is self-contained, it can help prevent the spread of infection to and from the lungs. Conditions That Affect the Pleura A number of conditions can cause injury to the pleura or undermine its function. Harm to the membranes or overload of pleural fluid can affect how you breathe and lead to adverse respiratory symptoms. Pleuritic inflammation causes the membrane surfaces to become rough and sticky. Rather than sliding over each other, they membranes stick together, triggering sharp, stabbing pain with e...

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of 05 Lung Anatomy The human body contains two lungs, of which one is positioned on the left side of the chest cavity and the other on the right side. The right lung is separated into three divisions or lobes, while the left lung contains two lobes. Each lung is surrounded by a two-layered membrane lining (pleura) that attaches the lungs to the chest cavity. The membrane layers of the pleura are separated by a space filled with fluid. of 05 Lung Airways Since the lungs are enclosed and contained within the chest cavity, they must use special passages or airways to connect with the outside environment. The following are structures that assist in the transportation of air to the lungs. • Nose and Mouth: openings that allow outside air to flow into the lungs. They are also the primary components of the • Pharynx (throat): directs air from the nose and mouth to the larynx. • Larynx (voice box): directs air to the windpipe and contains vocal cords for vocalization. • Trachea (windpipe): splits into left and right bronchial tubes, which direct air to the left and right lungs. • Bronchioles: smaller bronchial tubes that direct air to small air sacs known as alveoli. • Alveoli: bronchiole terminal sacs that are surrounded by of 05 Gas Exchange The process of exchanging gases (carbon dioxide for oxygen) occurs at the lung alveoli. Alveoli are coated with a moist film that dissolves air in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses across the thin epithelium of the alveoli sacs into the blood withi...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the overall function of the lung • Summarize the blood flow pattern associated with the lungs • Outline the anatomy of the blood supply to the lungs • Describe the pleura of the lungs and their function A major organ of the respiratory system, each lung houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere. To this end, the lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface area—about 70 square meters—that is highly permeable to gases. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. The lungs are enclosed by the pleurae, which are attached to the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart ( Figure 22.2.1 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs. Each lung is composed of smaller units called lobes. Fissures separate these lobes from each other. The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. T...

Smoking is one of the biggest threats to lung function. It changes the structure and function of the lungs, making breathing difficult and increasing the risk of numerous medical conditions. The lungs are part of the respiratory system, which takes oxygen in from the air and removes carbon dioxide. Although several factors may compromise lung function, including genetic diseases, infections, and environmental exposures, smoking remains one of the most dangerous. In this article, we discuss the functional and structural differences between a smoker’s lungs and healthy lungs. We also provide some tips on quitting smoking and improving lung function. Healthy lungs Smoker’s lungs Pink Gray or black Normal size Hyperinflated No inflammation Patches of inflammation Dome-shaped diaphragm Diaphragm muscle loss Smoking not only causes physical changes but also alters the function of the lungs. The amount of time that it takes for the changes to develop varies among individuals. The changes cause several symptoms that interfere with normal breathing. In general, the differences between a smoker’s lungs and healthy lungs Increased mucus production Smoking may cause the lungs to This increased mucus production can happen for a few reasons, but it primarily occurs because smoking cigarettes damages the epithelial cells that line the airway. Inflammatory cells develop due to the damage, and this promotes goblet cell production, leading to increased mucus. Although it can vary in consist...