Biogeochemical cycle

Carbon dioxide— CO 2 \text _2 CO 2 ​ start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript in respiration. • About 18% of your body consists of carbon atoms, by mass, and those carbon atoms are pretty key to your existence! 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript Without carbon, you wouldn't have the plasma membranes of your cells, the sugar molecules you use for fuel, or even the DNA \text DNA start text, D, N, A, end text that carries instructions to build and run your body. Carbon is part of our bodies, but it's also part of our modern-day industries. Carbon compounds from long-ago plants and algae make up the fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, that we use today as energy sources. When these fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide— CO 2 \text_2 CO 2 ​ start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript levels affects Earth's climate and is a major environmental concern worldwide. Although we will look at them separately, it's important to realize these cycles are linked. For instance, the same pools of atmospheric and oceanic CO 2 \text_2 CO 2 ​ start text, C, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript that are utilized by organisms are also fed and depleted by geological processes. As a brief overview, carbon exists in the air largely as carbon dioxide— CO 2 \text_3^- HCO 3 − ​ start text, H, C, O, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start superscript, minus, end superscript . Longterm storage of organic carbon occurs when m...

Biogeochemical cycling of iron is crucial to many environmental processes, such as ocean productivity, carbon storage, greenhouse gas emissions and the fate of nutrients, toxic metals and metalloids. Knowledge of the underlying processes involved in iron cycling has accelerated in recent years along with appreciation of the complex network of biotic and abiotic reactions dictating the speciation, mobility and reactivity of iron in the environment. Recent studies have provided insights into novel processes in the biogeochemical iron cycle such as microbial ammonium oxidation and methane oxidation coupled to Fe( iii) reduction. They have also revealed that processes in the biogeochemical iron cycle spatially overlap and may compete with each other, and that oxidation and reduction of iron occur cyclically or simultaneously in many environments. This Review discusses these advances with particular focus on their environmental consequences, including the formation of greenhouse gases and the fate of nutrients and contaminants. Open Access articles citing this article. • • Björn Klaes • , Sören Thiele-Bruhn • … Rolf Kilian Scientific Reports Open Access 16 February 2023 • • Carolina Silveira de Moraes • , Andrea Teixeira Ustra • … Cinthia Midory Uehara Tengan Scientific Reports Open Access 17 December 2022 • • Pablo Ingino • , Kai Hao Tiew • & Martin Obst AMB Express Open Access 05 November 2022 Access options • Ehrenberg, C. Vorläufige Mitteilungen über das wirkliche Vorkommen...

3 Cell Structure and Function • Introduction • 3.1 How Cells Are Studied • 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 3.4 The Cell Membrane • 3.5 Passive Transport • 3.6 Active Transport • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 4 How Cells Obtain Energy • Introduction • 4.1 Energy and Metabolism • 4.2 Glycolysis • 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation • 4.4 Fermentation • 4.5 Connections to Other Metabolic Pathways • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 11 Evolution and Its Processes • Introduction • 11.1 Discovering How Populations Change • 11.2 Mechanisms of Evolution • 11.3 Evidence of Evolution • 11.4 Speciation • 11.5 Common Misconceptions about Evolution • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 15 Diversity of Animals • Introduction • 15.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom • 15.2 Sponges and Cnidarians • 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods • 15.4 Mollusks and Annelids • 15.5 Echinoderms and Chordates • 15.6 Vertebrates • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 16 The Body’s Systems • Introduction • 16.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation • 16.2 Digestive System • 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems • 16.4 Endocrine System • 16.5 Musculoskeletal ...

The dominant feature of the planet viewed from space is water – oceans of liquid water flood most of the surface while water vapour swirls in atmospheric clouds and the poles are capped with ice. Taken as a whole, the oceans form a single marine system where liquid water – the "universal solvent" – dissolves nutrients and substances containing elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. These substances are endlessly cycled and recycled, chemically combined and then broken down again, dissolved and then precipitated or evaporated, imported from and exported back to the land and the atmosphere and the ocean floor. Powered both by the biological activity of marine organisms and by the natural forces of the sun and tides and movements within the Earth's crust, these are the marine biogeochemical cycles. Part of a series of overviews on • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v • t • e Marine biogeochemical cycles are There are Overview [ ] Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between trophic levels. However, the matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled. The six most common elements associated with organic molecules—carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath the Earth's surface. Geologic processes, s...

When you think about the circle of life, it is important to consider the molecular level. An element of carbon can move from a plant to an animal as it goes up the food chain. Eventually, the same element may end up in the soil and can begin the sequence again. This is one example of a biogeochemical cycle. Biogeochemical cycles are pathways that let elements move through ecosystems. Because you cannot create or destroy matter, they help explain how all living and nonliving things cycle through nature. Earth acts as a closed system for the movement of matter, and a biogeochemical cycle includes the chemical, geological and biological pieces of this pathway. Why Biogeochemical Cycles Are Important Biogeochemical cycles help explain how the planet conserves matter and uses energy. The cycles move elements through ecosystems, so the transformation of things can happen. They are also important because they store elements and recycle them. Moreover, biogeochemical cycles can show you the connection among all living and nonliving things on Earth. Lana Bandoim is a freelance writer and editor. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in biology and chemistry from Butler University. Her work has appeared on Forbes, Yahoo! News, Business Insider, Lifescript, Healthline and many other publications. She has been a judge for the Scholastic Writing Awards from the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers. She has also been nominated for a Best Shortform Science Writing award by the Best Shortf...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • Biogeochemicalcycles, also known asnutrient cycles, describe the movement of chemical elements through different media, such as the atmosphere, soil, rocks, bodies of water, and organisms. Biogeochemicalcycles keep essential elements available toplants and other organisms. Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during energy transformation between trophic levels. Rather than flowing through an ecosystem, the matter that makes up organisms is conserved and recycled.The law of conservation of massstates that matter is neither created nor destroyed.For example, after a chemical reaction, the mass of the products (ending molecules) will be the same as the mass of the reactants (starting molecules). The same is true in an ecosystem. Matter moves through different media, and atoms may react to form new molecules, but the amount of matter remains constant. The biogeochemical cycles of fourelements—carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—are discussed below.The cycling of these elements is interconnected with the anthropogenic (human) activities are altering all major ecosystems and the biogeochemical cycles they drive. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the basic building block of all organic materials, and therefore, of living organisms. The carbon cycle is actually comprised of several interconnected cycles: one dealing with rapid carbon exchange amo...

• Afrikaans • العربية • Azərbaycanca • Беларуская • Беларуская (тарашкевіца) • Български • Català • Čeština • Dansk • Deutsch • Eesti • Ελληνικά • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • Français • Galego • 한국어 • हिन्दी • Bahasa Indonesia • Italiano • עברית • Jawa • Қазақша • മലയാളം • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • Српски / srpski • Suomi • Svenska • Tagalog • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • Tiếng Việt • 粵語 • 中文 • v • t • e A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, For example, in the carbon cycle, atmospheric There are biogeochemical cycles for many other elements, such as for Biogeochemical cycles involve the interaction of biological, geological, and chemical processes. Biological processes include the influence of Overview [ ] Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for The six aforementioned elements are used by organisms in a variety of ways. Hydrogen and oxygen are found in water and Ecological systems ( The living factors of the planet can be referred to collectively as the closed system; therefore, these chemicals are recycled instead of being lost and replenished constantly such as in an open system. The major parts of the biosphere are connected by the flow of chemical elements and compounds in biogeochemical cycles. In many of these cycles, the The flow of energy in an ecosystem is an open system; the sun constantly gives the planet energy in the form of light while i...

11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics • Introduction • 11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material • 11.2 DNA Replication • 11.3 RNA Transcription • 11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation) • 11.5 Mutations • 11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity • 11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory • Summary • 14 Antimicrobial Drugs • Introduction • 14.1 History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery • 14.2 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy • 14.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs • 14.4 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs • 14.5 Drug Resistance • 14.6 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials • 14.7 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery • Summary • 23 Urogenital System Infections • Introduction • 23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract • 23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System • 23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System • Summary • 24 Digestive System Infections • Introduction • 24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System • 24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity • 24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • Summary • 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System...

4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 The Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen • 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways • 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 14 DNA Structure and Function • Introduction • 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding • 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing • 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication • 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes • 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes • 14.6 DNA Repair • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 15 Genes and Proteins • Introduction • 15.1 The Genetic Code • 15.2...

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen cycle is an important part of the ecosystem. In this article, we shall explore its implications on the environment in detail. Table of Contents • • • • • Nitrogen Cycle Definition “Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process which transforms the inert nitrogen present in the atmosphere to a more usable form for living organisms.” Furthermore, nitrogen is a key nutrient element for plants. However, the abundant nitrogen in the atmosphere cannot be used directly by plants or animals. Read on to explore how the Nitrogen cycle makes usable nitrogen available to plants and other living organisms. What is the Nitrogen Cycle? Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay and putrefaction. Nitrogen gas exists in both organic and inorganic forms. Organic nitrogen exists in living organisms, and they get passed through the food chain by the consumption of other living organisms. Inorganic forms of nitrogen are found in abundance in the atmosphere. This nitrogen is made available to plants by symbiotic bacteria which can convert the inert nitrogen into a usable form – such as nitrites and nitrates. Nitrogen undergoes various types of transformation to maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Furthermore, this process extends t...