Characteristics of memory system in computer architecture

— Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance This book is about designing and building specialized computers. We all know what a computer is. It's that box that sits on your desk, quietly purring away (or rattling if the fan is shot), running your programs and regularly crashing (if you're not running some variety of Unix). Inside that box is the electronics that runs your software, stores your information, and connects you to the world. It's all about processing information. Designing a computer, therefore, is about designing a machine that holds and manipulates data. Computer systems fall into essentially two separate categories. The first, and most obvious, is that of the desktop computer. When you say "computer" to someone, this is the machine that usually comes to her mind. The second type of computer is the embedded computer, a computer that is integrated into another system for the purposes of control and/or monitoring. Embedded computers are far more numerous than desktop systems, but far less obvious. Ask the average person how many computers he has in his home, and he might reply that he has one or two. In fact, he may have 30 or more, hidden inside his TVs, VCRs, DVD players, remote controls, washing machines, cell phones, air conditioners, game consoles, ovens, toys, and a host of other devices. In this chapter, we'll look at computer architecture Both have a processor, memory, and often several forms of input and output. The primary differen...

• • • • Question:2.1 Memory plays an important role in Computer Architecture. With the aid of diagrams discuss in detail the following: 2.1.1 Characteristics of Memory Systems 2.1.2 Typical memory hierarchy 2.1.3 Cache Memory principles [15 MARKS] 2.2 In Computer Architecture Cache memory is an extremely fast memory, located between the CPU and main memory. With the aid of a The characteristics of a memory system include capacity, access time, latency, and bandwidth. • Capacity: It refers to the amount of data that can be stored in the memory system. The capacity of the memory system ranges from a few bytes to several terabytes. • Access time: It is the time taken by the memory system to retrieve data. Access time is typically measured in nanoseconds (ns). • Latency: It is the delay between the time a request for data is made and the time the data is available to the processor. The latency of memory systems is affected by various factors, including the type of memory, its speed, and its size. 2.1 Memory plays an important role in Computer Architecture. With the aid of diagrams discuss in detail the following: 2.1.1 Characteristics of Memory Systems 2.1.2 Typical memory hierarchy 2.1.3 Cache Memory principles [15 MARKS] 2.2 In Computer Architecture Cache memory is an extremely fast memory, located between the CPU and main memory. With the aid of a diagram explain in detail Cache Organisation. [10 MARKS] 2.3 Discuss in detail with the aid of examples the concept of Pipelinin...

Computer memory isn't infinite, so there's a limit to how much data we can input before we overflow the memory. Computers also vary a lot in memory size, usually because of physical size constraints. A desktop computer can remember more than your phone, but your phone can remember more than the Raspberry Pi. I know it's a little late but I'll just add some to the previous answers. RAM, ROM and Cache are the 3 main types of memory. RAM stands for Random Access Memory and it only stores data temporarily, as soon as your power is off,you will lose the data, but the advantage is that its speed is a lot faster than external memory or ROM (we will get into that) SRAM ( static RAM ) and DRAM ( dynamic RAM ) are the two main types of RAM. When a SRAM unit is given a status (0/1), it will maintain this status until the power is off or given a new status. But SRAM need 4-6 transistors to store a 1-bit data,so it costs a lot. DRAM on the other hand, only needs 1 transistor to store the 1-bit, but you have to keep refreshing in a certain period of time to keep the data, otherwise it will disappear. DRAM keeps data fora short time, the speed is also slower, but it's cheap, and still faster than any type of ROM. There are many types of DRAM too, but you can look it up yourself. (the most used type is DDR RAM) ROM stands for read-only memory, like its name, you can only read the data, once the data is written in it won't change, and will be saved even if the power is off. It's usually a ...

Table of Contents • • • • • • What is memory hierarchy of computer architecture? In computer architecture, the memory hierarchy separates computer storage into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling technologies. What is main memory in memory hierarchy? The main memory refers to the physical memory and it is one central storage unit in a computer system. The main memory is relatively large and fast memory used to store programs and data during computer operation. The main memory in a general-purpose computer is made up of a RAM integrated circuit. What is memory hierarchy explain with 7 the help of a diagram Why is memory hierarchy created in a computer system? In Computer Architecture, Memory hierarchy is a hierarchy of memory and storage devices. Memory Hierarchy Diagram. It’s purpose is to minimize the average access time of the entire memory system. What are the 2 types of memory architecture? The earliest memory architectures are the Harvard architecture, which has two physically separate memories and data paths for program and data, and the Princeton architecture which uses a single memory and data path for both program and data storage. What are the types of memory hierarchy? The five hierarchies in the memory are registers, cache, main memory, magnetic discs, and magnetic tapes. What are the basic concepts and intent of cache memory? The...

The memory system can be characterised with their Location, Capacity, Unit of transfer, Access method, Performance, Physical type, Physical characteristics, Organisation. Location • Processor memory: The memory like registers is included within the processor and termed as processor memory. • Internal memory: It is often termed as main memory and resides within the CPU. • External memory: It consists of peripheral storage devices such as disk and magnetic tape that are accessible to processor via i/o controllers. Capacity • Word size: Capacity is expressed in terms of words or bytes. • The natural unit of organisation • Number of words: Common word lengths are 8, 16, 32 bits etc. • or Bytes Unit of Transfer • Internal: For internal memory, the unit of transfer is equal to the number of data lines into and out of the memory module. • External: For external memory, they are transferred in block which is larger than a word. • Addressable unit • Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed • Word internally • Cluster on Magnetic disks Access Method • Sequential access: In this access, it must start with beginning and read through a specific linear sequence. This means access time of data unit depends on position of records (unit of data) and previous location. • eg. tape • Direct Access: Individual blocks of records have unique address based on location. Access is accomplished by jumping (direct access) to general vicinity plus a sequential search to reach the final locati...

DRAM technology uses a simple mechanism that converts the logical state of a capacitor into a logical state of the sense amplifier. Data can then be accessed from the sense amplifier (since it is in a stable state). Fig. 6 shows the connection between a DRAM cell and the sense amplifier and the sequence of states involved in converting the cell state into the sense amplifier state. Fig. 6. Operation of a DRAM cell and sense amplifier. As shown in the figure (state ➊), the capacitor is connected to an access transistor that acts as a switch between the capacitor and the sense amplifier. The transistor is controlled by a wire called wordline. The wire that connects the transistor to the top end of the sense amplifier is called bitline. In the initial state ➊, the wordline is lowered, the sense amplifier is disabled and both ends of the sense amplifier are maintained at a voltage level of 1 2V DD. We assume that the capacitor is initially fully charged (the operation is similar if the capacitor was empty). This state is referred to as the precharged state. An access to the cell is triggered by a command called ACTIVATE. Upon receiving an ACTIVATE, the corresponding wordline is first raised (state ➋). This connects the capacitor to the bitline. In the ensuing phase called charge sharing (state ➌), charge flows from the capacitor to the bitline, raising the voltage level on the bitline (top end of the sense amplifier) to 1 2V DD + δ. After charge sharing, the sense amplifier is...

By • Technical Writer and Editor Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach quickly. It's where information is stored for immediate use. Memory is one of the basic functions of a computer, because without it, a computer would not be able to function properly. Memory is also used by a computer's operating system, hardware and software. There are technically two types of computer memory: primary and secondary. The term memory is used as a synonym for primary memory or as an abbreviation for a specific type of primary memory called random access memory ( If a computer's central processer ( This image shows how primary, secondary and cache memory relate to each other in terms of size and speed. Memory vs. storage The Memory is most often referred to as the primary storage on a computer, such as RAM. Memory is also where information is processed. It enables users to access data that is stored for a short time. The data is only stored for a short time because primary memory is volatile, meaning it isn't retained when the computer is turned off. The term storage refers to secondary memory and is where data in a computer is kept. An example of storage is a hard drive or a hard disk drive ( How much space is available in memory and storage differs as well. In general, a computer will have more storage space than memory. For example, a laptop may have 8 The terms memory and storage can be confusing because their usage today is not ...

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