Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation

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Sound needs a material medium to travel. Sound is a mechanical wave which needs a material medium to travel. It can travel through air, water, steel, etc. but cannot travel through vacuum. This can be demonstrated by the following simple experiment. Experiment. Suspend an electric bell inside a glass bell jar by passing the connecting wires through an airtight cork fitted at the mouth of the jar. Place the jar over a disc which has a pipe connected to a vacuum pump, as shown in Fig. 12.9. Fig. 12.9. Experiment showing sound needs a medium to travel. When we turn on the switch, we hear the sound of the bell. Now, we pump out the air from the jar gradually with the help of the vacuum pump. The sound becomes fainter. When most of the air has been removed, we hear a very feeble sound. When there is air inside the jar, sound travels through it to the wall of the jar. This makes the wall to vibrate which in turn, sends sound to us. When air is removed, sound from the bell cannot travel to the wall of the jar.

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Figure shows part of the set up used in this experiment. What is not shown is the electric circuit in which the electric bell is connected. A vacuumtight bell jar contains an electric bell connected to a power supply through the lid of the jar. The jar is placed on a smooth horizontal surface such as that of glass. Initially the vacuum pump is off and the jar contains air. The circuit containing the bell is completed using the key or the switch so that the bell starts ringing. This can be heard outside the jar Then the vacuum pump is switched on so that it starts removing the air from the jar. We find that the level of ringing sound heard goes on decreasing as the quantity of air in the jar becomes less and less. When the pump is operated for a sufficiently long time interval, the quantity of air in the jar becomes so less that the level of ringing sound becomes very low; sound is hardly audible. But we can see the striker in the bell hitting the gong. By extrapolation, we conclude that sound generation and propagation needs a medium.

Experiment: Take an electric bell and an airtight glass bell jar. The electric bell is suspended inside the airtight bell jar. The bell jar is connected to a vacuum pump as shown in figure. If we press the switch we will be able to hear the bell. Now start the vacuum pump. When the air in the jar is pumped out gradually, the sound becomes painter, although the same current is passing through the bell. After some time when less air is left inside the bell jar we will near a feeble sound. If the air is removed completely we can’t hear the bell. From this experiment we conclude that sound needs a material medium for its propagation.