Consolidation of lung

The perfusion of lung consolidation regions varies, depending on hypoxic vasoconstriction, obstruction or compression of pulmonary capillaries and unobstructed degree of related pulmonary arteries. The electrical impedance tomography (EIT) could make a rapid assessment of functional ventilation and perfusion in the related lung regions, which was helpful for the broad diagnosis and further treatment [ • 1. Dead-space pattern (D-pattern) was defined as a severe perfusion defect with mild impaired ventilation that results in a regional dead-space in the related lung quasi-consolidated regions (still some ventilation in these regions). In EIT image, high regional Dead-space% should be identified, whereas in ultrasound, absent or dot-like vascularity should be observed in the quasi-consolidated regions. The potential pathophysiologic mechanism could be obstruction or compression of pulmonary capillaries and unobstructed degree of related pulmonary arteries. Respiratory treatment for patients with D-pattern should not only focus on improving regional ventilation but also restoring pulmonary perfusion. A 66-year-old man, who had obstructive pneumonia due to central non-small-cell lung cancer in the right lung, was mechanically ventilated. A lower regional ventilation distribution, pleural effusion and consolidation were found in the right lower lobe (Fig. 2O to 14cmH 2O) and drainage of pleural effusion were used. The high PEEP caused a significant improvement of ventilation bu...

Article: • • • • • • Images: • • Pathology Consolidation refers to the alveolar airspaces being filled with fluid (exudate/transudate/blood), cells (inflammatory), tissue, or other material. The list of causes of consolidation is broad and includes: • • • • • Radiographic features Consolidation is usually obvious on CT with the anatomical location easy to define through visualization of the pleural fissures, however features can be subtle on chest radiography. Plain radiograph Features of left lower lobe consolidation on CXR include: • opacification of the mid and/or lower zones, and occasionally even upper zone • normal (clear and distinct) left superior mediastinal contour ( • obscuration of the left hilum, particularly the inferior hilum in apical segment consolidation • obscuration of the • normal (clear and distinct) left heart border (cf. • obscuration of the left hemidiaphragm contour (cf. • • on lateral CXR: triangular opacification inferior and posterior to the General considerations It must be remembered that the homogeneity of the consolidation will be influenced by any underlying lung disease. Occasionally with complete lobar consolidation, there may be an increased volume of the affected lobe, rather than the more frequent collapse. When the fissures are outwardly convex, the appearance is referred to as the A mnemonic to remember the general features of consolidation is

Article: • • • • • • Terminology Depending on its shape, linear atelectasis is also known as plate, discoid or band atelectasis (and historically as Fleischner lines on Subsegmental vs linear atelectasis There is confusion about the use of the terms "subsegmental atelectasis" and "linear atelectasis" (and their synonyms). From an academic point of view, the term linear atelectasis is reserved for atelectasis which appears primarily in the lung bases and is secondary to hypoventilation. Conversely, subsegmental atelectasis includes both linear atelectases and all other forms of atelectasis that do not involve a whole bronchopulmonary segment. In other words, every linear atelectasis is a subsegmental atelectasis, but not every subsegmental atelectasis is a linear atelectasis. Pathology Etiology • hypoventilatory change in patients who are not taking deep breaths ("splinting") • postoperative status • chest wall trauma such as • pleuritic chest disease • • • • History and etymology Fleischner lines were named after (1893-1969), an Austrian-American radiologist, who first described them in 1938. See also • • 1. Woodring JH, Reed JC. Types and mechanisms of pulmonary atelectasis. (1996) Journal of thoracic imaging. 11 (2): 92-108. • 2. Baron MG. Fleischner lines and pulmonary emboli. (1972) Circulation. 45 (1): 171-8. • 3. Ozturk K, Soylu E, Topal U. Linear Atelectasis around the Hilum on Chest Radiography: A Novel Sign of Early Lung Cancer. (2018) Journal of clinical imaging ...

Consolidation almost always makes it difficult for you to breathe. Air can’t get through the consolidation, so your lung can’t do its job of bringing in fresh air and removing the air your body has used. This may make you feel short of breath. It may also make your skin look pale or bluish due to a lack of oxygen. Other symptoms, depending on the cause, can include: • coughing up thick • • a dry cough • breathing that sounds funny or is noisy • • • fever • fatigue The causes of lung consolidation include: Pneumonia Pulmonary edema People who almost drown get pulmonary edema. In these cases, the fluid enters the airways from outside their body instead of the inside. Pulmonary hemorrhage Pulmonary hemorrhage means you’re bleeding in your lungs. According to a review article in Aspiration Aspiration of food can cause If you can’t swallow correctly, you’re more likely to aspirate when you eat. If the Stomach acid and other chemicals can cause inflammation and irritate or injure your lungs, which is called Lung cancer A A lung consolidation may also be fluid, but it’s inside your lung, so it can’t move when you change positions. This is one way your doctor can tell the difference between the two. Some of the causes of pleural effusions, such as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and lung cancer, also cause lung consolidation. So, it’s possible for you to have both at the same time. Lung consolidation is most easily seen on an X-ray. The consolidated parts of your lung look wh...

Medical condition Pulmonary consolidation Pneumonia as seen on chest X-ray. A: Normal chest X-ray. B: Abnormal chest X-ray with consolidation from pneumonia in the right lung, middle or inferior lobe (white area, left side of image). A pulmonary consolidation is a region of normally compressible Signs [ ] Signs that consolidation may have occurred include: • Expansion of the thorax on inspiration is reduced on the affected side • • Percussion note is impaired in the affected area • Breath sounds are bronchial • Possible medium, late, or pan-inspiratory • • A • A lower P AO 2 than calculated in the Diagnosis [ ] Radiology [ ] • Typically, an area of white lung is seen on a standard X-ray. See also [ ] • References [ ] • . Retrieved 2009-01-16. • . Retrieved 2009-01-16. • Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ (1997). "Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 278 (17): 1440–5. • Talley, Nicholas Joseph (2001). Clinical Examination, a Clinical Guide to Physical Diagnosis, Wiley, 4th ed., p. 121, • Corne, Jonathan; Carroll, Mary; Delany, David (2002). Chest X-Ray Made Easy. Churchill Livingstone. 978-0-443-07008-2. External links [ ]

Consolidation is defined pathologically as an exudate, or other disease product, that replaces alveolar air and renders the pulmonary parenchyma airless. The chest radiographic appearance of consolidation is usually relatively nonspecific and may be the result of a wide variety of disorders, including infection, neoplasm, hemorrhage, and rare infiltrative diseases. Similarly, the appearance of consolidation on thoracic computed tomography (CT) is rarely specific enough to suggest a single diagnosis. Occasionally, however, the attenuation characteristics of consolidation on thoracic CT may provide a specific etiology for pulmonary parenchymal infiltration; such is the case when low attenuation material, representing fat, is seen in patients with lipoid pneumonia on thoracic CT. Often the diagnosis of lipoid pneumonia is difficult to establish clinically, and abnormalities detected on thoracic CT may first suggest this condition. Once thoracic CT indicates the presence of lipoid pneumonia, directed history often discloses the offending agent. Bronchoscopy with bronchioloalveolar lavage may disclose lipid-laden macrophages within the lung parenchyma in selected patients. Therapy may then be directed at discontinuation of the offending lipid and treatment of any coexistent bacterial superinfection. Patients with acute lipoid pneumonia often improve clinically and radiographically with appropriate therapy, whereas patients with chronic lipoid pneumonia may show relatively littl...