Dna fingerprinting class 12

Views: 252 DNA Fingerprinting: DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals. DNA fingerprinting is used in a variety of situations, such as criminal investigations, other forensic purposes and paternity testing. In these situations, one aims to “match” two DNA fingerprints with one another, such as a DNA sample from a known person and one from an unknown person. DNA Fingerprinting Steps Following are the steps involved in DNA fingerprinting: • Isolating the DNA. • Digesting the DNA with the help of restriction endonuclease enzymes. • Separating the digested fragments as per the fragment size by the process of electrophoresis. • Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon, • Hybridising the fragments using labelled VNTR probes. • Analysing the hybrid fragments using autoradiography. DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence called as repetitive DNA, because in these sequences, a small stretch of DNA is repeated many times. These repetitive DNA are separated from bulk genomic DNA as different peaks during density gradient centrifugation. The bulk DNA forms a major peak and the other small peaks are referred to as satellite DNA. Depending on base composition (A : T rich or G:C rich), length of segment, and number of r...

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Important Questions for CBSE Class 12 Biology Genetic Code, Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting 1.Genetic code is the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA and the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide. 2.Deciphering the Code (i)George Gamow a physicist suggested that the genetic code should be made up of three nucleotides. He stated that since there are only four bases and if they have to code for 20 amino acids, the code shoul d constitute a combination of bases. But, a permuta tion combination of 4 3(4x 4×4) would generate 64 codons, generating many more codons than required (ii)Har Gobind Khorana could synthesise RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases (homopolymers and copolymers). (iii) Marshall Nirenberg made cell-free system for protein synthesis and finally the code was deciphered. (iv)Severo Ochoa enzyme (polynucleotide phosphoryiase) was also helpful in polymerising RNA with defined sequences in a template independent manner (enzyme synthesis of RNA). (v)All of these investigations, finally helped to make a checker board for genetic code as given below: 3.The salient features of genetic code are: (i)It is a triplet, out of 64 codons 61 codons code for amino acids and 3 codons do not code for any amino acids. Hence, they function as stop codons. (ii)One codon codes for only one amino acid, hence, it is unambiguous and specific. (iii)Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, hence the...

DNA fingerprinting: • DNA fingerprinting is a technique for identifying and analysing differences in DNA between individuals. • It is based on DNA sequence variability and polymorphism. • Some of its applications include: • In forensic science, it is used to identify prospective criminal suspects. • To prove paternity and establish familial ties. • To identify and protect the commercial crop and livestock types. • To figure out an organism's evolutionary history and the relationships between different groupings of species.

Your Genetic Map DNA is short for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is inside of every cell in your body. It’s a chain of chemical compounds that join together to form permanent blueprints for life. These compounds are called bases, and there are 4 of them. They pair up with another to form what are called base pairs. Your DNA has about 3 billion of these couples. The way they’re strung together tells your cells how to make copies of each other. The complete set of your compounds is known as a genome. More than 99.9 % of everyone’s genome is exactly alike (100% if you are identical twins). But the tiny bit that’s not is what makes you physically and mentally different from someone else. DNA fingerprinting uses chemicals to separate strands of DNA and reveal the unique parts of your genome. The results show up as a pattern of stripes that can be matched against other samples. Uses Since it was invented in 1984, DNA fingerprinting most often has been used in court cases and legal matters. It can: • Physically connect a piece of evidence to a person or rule out someone as a suspect. • Show who your parents, siblings, and other relatives may be. • Identify a dead body that’s too old or damaged to be recognizable. DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate. Most countries now keep DNA records on file in much the same way police keep copies of actual fingerprints. It also has medical uses. It can: • Match tissues of organ donors with those of people who need transplants. • Identify dis...

An early use of DNA fingerprinting was inlegal disputes, notably to help solve crimes and to determinepaternity.It is also used to identify inherited genetic diseases and can be used to identify genetic matches between tissue donors and recipients. DNA fingerprinting is also a valuable tool for confirming pedigree in animals, such as purebred dogs and racehorses. Sample contamination, faulty preparation procedures, and mistakes in interpretation of results are major sources of error in DNA fingerprinting. These issues can cause discrepancies between biological proof and legal proof in court cases. In DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA typing, DNA profiling, genetic fingerprinting, genotyping, or identity testing, in Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known as