Embryology of thyroid gland

George Orwell said that “Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be.“”The same could be said for the embryology and anatomy of any organ, including the thyroid gland. Understanding normal development of the thyroid and its gross and microscopic anatomy allows for comprehension of the presentation and complications of thyroglossal duct cysts compared to other cysts of the neck, such as branchial cleft cysts or bronchogenic cysts. Embryology also explains the diversity of certain thyroidal conditions, ranging from the lingual thyroid to the superior vena cava syndrome due to a mediastinal goiter. Expertise in the gross anatomy of the thyroid gland is essential for any head and neck surgeon, whether they are excising a benign thyroglossal duct cyst or a thyroid malignancy. Understanding the histology of the thyroid gland explains how medullary thyroid cancer differs from other thyroid malignancies. These are just a few examples suggesting that knowledge of the embryology and anatomy of the thyroid gland will improve one's diagnostic and therapeutic acumen related to disorders that affect the skin and the thyroid gland. Keywords • Thyroid Gland • Iodine Deficiency • Superior Laryngeal Nerve • Thyroid Follicle • Ectopic Thyroid These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. • Hollinshead WH. Anatomy for Surgeons: The Head and Neck. Vol. 1. Ph...

Contents • 1 Introduction • 2 Some Recent Findings • 3 Reading • 4 Development Overview • 5 Thyroid Timeline • 5.1 Stage 13 • 5.2 Stage 22 • 6 Thyroid System and Neural Development • 7 Fetal Thyroid Hormone • 8 Thyroid Hormone • 8.1 Deiodinases • 9 Calcitonin • 10 Maternal Thyroid • 11 Abnormalities • 11.1 Lingual thyroid gland • 11.2 Thyroglossal Cyst • 11.3 Thyroglossal fistula • 11.4 Abnormal development of the thyroid • 11.5 Pyramidal Lobe • 11.6 Agenesis of Isthmus • 11.7 Congenital Hypothyroidism • 11.8 Congenital Hypothyroidism Classification • 12 Iodine Deficiency • 13 Maternal Abnormalities • 14 Environmental Thyroid Disruptors • 15 Genes • 16 Thyroid Images • 16.1 Adult Histology • 16.2 Anatomy • 17 References • 17.1 Journals • 17.2 Online Textbooks • 17.3 Reviews • 17.4 Articles • 17.5 Search PubMed • 18 Additional Images • 18.1 Historic • 19 Terms • 20 External Links • 21 Glossary Links Introduction The boundary endoderm in the floor region forms a pocket (marked by the foramen cecum) that separates from the surface and forms the thyroid. Cells originate on the surface of the floor and descend into mesoderm above aortic sac and into the hypopharyngeal eminence as "cords". These cells continue to descend until they reach their final destination in the neck adjacent to the thyroid cartilage. This pathway forms a temporary duct ( In the first trimester, the developing fetus is initially dependent upon maternal thyroid hormone crossing the placental barrier. GA wee...

Contents • 1 Introduction • 2 Lecture Objectives • 3 Lecture Resources • 4 Endocrine Origins • 5 Hormones • 5.1 Hormone Types • 5.2 Hormone Actions • 5.3 Hormone Receptors • 6 Pineal Gland • 7 Hypothalamus • 7.1 Hypothalamus Development • 8 Pituitary • 8.1 Pituitary Development • 8.2 Pituitary Timeline • 9 Thyroid • 9.1 Thyroid Development • 9.2 Thyroid Timeline • 9.3 Fetal Thyroid Hormone • 10 Parathyroid • 10.1 Parathyroid Development • 11 Thymus • 11.1 Thymus Development • 12 Pancreas • 12.1 Pancreas Development • 12.2 Pancreatic Islets • 12.3 Pancreas Timeline • 13 Adrenal • 13.1 Adrenal Development • 14 Gonad • 14.1 Gonad Development • 14.1.1 Testis • 14.1.2 Ovary • 15 Placenta • 16 Other Endocrine • 16.1 Endocrine Heart • 16.2 Endocrine Kidney • 16.3 GIT Endocrine • 16.4 Adipose Tissue • 17 Endocrine Functional Changes • 18 Abnormalities • 18.1 Pineal • 18.2 Pituitary • 18.3 Thyroid • 18.4 Parathyroid • 18.5 Pancreas • 18.6 Adrenal • 18.7 Endocrine Disruptors • 19 References • 19.1 Search • 20 Histology • 20.1 Adult • 20.2 Embryonic • 21 Terms Introduction The endocrine system resides within specific endocrine organs and both organs and tissues with other specific functions. Epithelia (ectoderm and endoderm) form the majority of the “ductless” endocrine glands like gastrointestinal and skin associated “ducted” glands. Differentiation of several also organs involves a epithelial/mesenchye interaction, seen in repeated in many differentiation of many different tissues....

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