Ester formula class 10

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Objectives After completing this section, you should be able to • discuss the wide occurrence of esters in nature, and their important commercial uses, giving one example of an ester linkage in nature, and one example of a commercially important ester. • write an equation to describe the hydrolysis of an ester under acidic or basic conditions. • identify the products formed from the hydrolysis of an given ester. • identify the reagents that can be used to bring about ester hydrolysis. • identify the structure of an unknown ester, given the products of its hydrolysis. • write the mechanism of alkaline ester hydrolysis. • write the mechanism of acidic ester hydrolysis. • write an equation to describe the reduction of an ester with lithium aluminum hydride. • identify the product formed from the reduction of a given ester (or lactone) with lithium aluminum hydride. • identify the ester, the reagents, or both, that should be used to prepare a given primary alcohol. • write a detailed mechanism for the reduction of an ester by lithium aluminum hydride. • identify diisobutylaluminum hydride as a reagent for reducing an ester to an aldehyde, and write an equation for such a reaction. • write an equation to describe the reaction of an ester with a Grignard reagent. • identify the product formed from the reaction of a given ester with a given Grignard reagent. • identify the ester, the Grignard...

Objectives After completing this section, you should be able to • explain why the properties of a given organic compound are largely dependent on the functional group or groups present in the compound. • identify the functional groups present in each of the following compound types: alkenes, alkynes, arenes, (alkyl and aryl) halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, (carboxylic) acid chlorides, amides, amines, nitriles, nitro compounds, sulfides and sulfoxides. • identify the functional groups present in an organic compound, given its structure. • Given the structure of an organic compound containing a single functional group, identify which of the compound types listed under Objective 2, above, it belongs to. • draw the structure of a simple example of each of the compound types listed in Objective 2. Study Notes The concept of functional groups is a very important one. We expect that you will need to refer back to tables at the end of Section 3.1 quite frequently at first, as it is not really feasible to learn the names and structures of all the functional groups and compound types at one sitting. Gradually they will become familiar, and eventually you will recognize them automatically. Functional groups are atoms or small groups of atoms (two to four) that exhibit a characteristic reactivity. A particular functional group will almost always display its characteristic chemical behavior when it is present in a compound. Because of their impo...

Esters hydrolysis Esters are neutral compounds, unlike the acids from which they are formed. In typical reactions, the alkoxy (OR′) group of an ester is replaced by another group. One such reaction is hydrolysis, literally “splitting with water.” The hydrolysis of esters is catalyzed by either an acid or a base. Acidic hydrolysis is simply the reverse of Example \(\PageIndex\) Write an equation for the acidic hydrolysis of ethyl butyrate (CH 3CH 2CH 2COOCH 2CH 3) and name the products. Solution Remember that in acidic hydrolysis, water (HOH) splits the ester bond. The H of HOH joins to the oxygen atom in the OR part of the original ester, and the OH of HOH joins to the carbonyl carbon atom: Basic Hydrolysis or saponification When a base (such as sodium hydroxide [NaOH] or potassium hydroxide [KOH]) is used to hydrolyze an ester, the products are a carboxylate salt and an alcohol. Because soaps are prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils, alkaline hydrolysis of esters is called saponification (Latin sapon, meaning “soap,” and facere, meaning “to make”). In a saponification reaction, the base is a reactant, not simply a catalyst. The reaction goes to completion: Example \(\PageIndex\) Write an equation for the hydrolysis of methyl benzoate in a potassium hydroxide solution. Solution In basic hydrolysis, the molecule of the base splits the ester linkage. The acid portion of the ester ends up as the salt of the acid (in this case, the potassium salt). The alcohol ...