Examples of bacteria class 8

Earth is the only planet known to have life on it. We have organisms all around us going through a number of cycles to be a part of the living world. What demarcates a living being from a non-living being is the life processes that a living organism must go through to ensure its survival on the planet. Let us read more about Microorganism Friend and Foe Class 8. This Blog Includes: • • • • • • • What are Microorganisms? Microorganisms are living organisms that are very minute to be seen by the naked eye and can be classified into four major groups namely bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae. Bacteria are unicellular, while some have well developed, multicellular body like moulds and can survive under different types of climatic environment, ranging from ice cold climate to hot summers and deserts to marshy, muddy lands. Often they are found living inside the bodies of animals including humans, air, water, soil, food and other things. Download the Entire Microorganisms- Friends and Foe Chapter on NCERT Classification of Microorganisms Microorganisms can be classified into various sub groups on the basis of their size and cellularity. In this section we shall discuss each of the sub group: Virus: Viruses have a unique character as they can be crystallized and stored like some non-living things, such as common salt and sugar and on the other hand they can also multiply like living organisms when they are within a living body. Bacteria: Bacteria are single celled microorga...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain how virulence factors contribute to signs and symptoms of infectious disease • Differentiate between endotoxins and exotoxins • Describe and differentiate between various types of exotoxins • Describe the mechanisms viruses use for adhesion and antigenic variation In the previous section, we explained that some pathogens are more virulent than others. This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. A pathogen’s virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch’s postulates. When genes encoding virulence factors are inactivated, virulence in the pathogen is diminished. In this section, we examine various types and specific examples of virulence factors and how they contribute to each step of pathogenesis. Virulence Factors for Adhesion As discussed in the previous section, the first two steps in pathogenesis are exposure and adhesion. Recall that an adhesin is a protein or glycoprotein found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell. Adhesins are found on bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens. One example of a bacterial adhesin is type 1 fimbrial adhesin, a molecule found on the tips of fimbriae of enterotoxigenic E. coli ( ETEC). Recall that fimbriae are hairlike protein bristles on the cell surface. Type 1 fimbrial adhe...

Is bacteria an organism? Yes, bacteria are microscopic unicellular, or single-celled, organisms. They are abundantly found in almost all environments on Earth and play vital roles in different ecosystems. The habitats one can find bacteria include environments with extreme physical conditions, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and even inside the human body. The bacteria definition specifically refers to organisms that belong to the domain Bacteria. This domain, along with Eukarya and Archaea, comprise the three domains that all living organisms are divided into. Previously, Bacteria and Archaea were grouped together in the prokaryotic kingdom known as Monera. However, Monera is no longer considered a kingdom, and Bacteria and Archaea are now considered separate domains of prokaryotic life forms. Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is a well-known species of bacteria. Their rod-like shape is why they are considered a type of Bacili Prokaryotes Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, were the earliest forms of life on earth. Prokaryote refers to organisms that lack membrane-bound intracellular organelles, such as the nucleus. Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotic organisms. Despite their similarities as prokaryotes, they are considered separate domains of life because they have different evolutionary lineages and characteristics. What is Bacteria? A bacterium is a single-celled ( unicellular) microorganism that does not have a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organ...

[ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "high G+C gram-positive", "low G+C gram-positive", "pleomorphic", "Lactobacillales", "bacilli", "Actinobacteria", "Arthrobacter", "Corynebacterium", "Frankia", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology" ] \( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • Learning Objectives • Describe the unique features of each category of high G+C and low G+C gram-positive bacteria • Identify similarities and differences between high G+C and low G+C bacterial groups • Give an example of a bacterium of high G+C and low G+C group commonly associated with each category Prokaryotes are identified as gram-positive if they have a multiple layer matrix of peptidoglycan forming the cell wall. Crystal violet, the primary stain of the Gram stain procedure, is readily retained and stabilized within this matrix, causing gram-positive prokaryotes to appear purple under a brightfield microscope after Gram staining. For many years, the retention of Gram stain was one of the main criteria used to classify prokaryotes, even though some prokaryotes did not readily stain with either the primary or secondary stains used in the Gram stain procedure. Advances in nucleic acid biochemistry have revealed additional characteristics that can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes, namely the guanine to cytosine ratios (G+C) in DNA and the composition of 16S rRNA subunits. Microbiologists currently recognize two distinc...

Bacteria are the plural of bacterium, which are microscopic one-celled organisms. They are found everywhere and can be harmful, as in bacterial infections, or they can be beneficial, as in fermentation or decomposition. The three main bacteria shapes are coccus, bacillus and spiral. Keep reading for examples of bacteria in each of these three types. Sphere-Shaped Bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes). However, some cocci are also helpful to humans, such as the bacteria that make up normal human skin flora ( Staphylococcus epidermidis). Cocci appear as single cells ( coccus), pairs ( diplococci), chains ( streptococci), clusters of four cells ( tetrads), irregular clusters ( staphylococci), or large cuboid clusters ( sarcinae). Examples of sphere-shaped cocci include: • Aerococcus urinae (causes urinary tract infections and urosepsis) • Chlamydia trachomatis (causes sexually transmitted disease chlamydia) • Enterococcus faecalis (causes tooth and intestinal infections) • Fusobacterium necrophorum (causes Lemierre's syndrome) • Fusobacterium nucleatum (causes periodontal disease) • Moraxella catarrhalis (causes infections in the eye, nervous systems and joints) • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea) • Neisseria meningitidis (causes meningococcal disease) • Pediococcus acidilactici (helpful gut bacteria) • Pediococcus damnosus (found in fermented beverages and spoiled food) • Sarcina ventriculi (found in soil with low pH) • Sporosarcina ureae (...

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