Female sex organs in bryophytes are known as

Bryophytes are a group of organisms that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are also known as mosses because they look similar to grasses. These tiny plants are often overlooked, but they play important roles in ecosystems. Bryophytes are very diverse, and some species even live underground. They are found on every continent except Antarctica. Some species are edible, and their leaves and stems are used as food. Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • Reproduction In Bryophytes Mosses and liverworts are two groups of plants that belong to the division Bryophyta. They both have thin leaves and lack roots. The main difference between them is their reproductive structures. Liverworts reproduce through spores, whereas mosses produce gametangia. Mosses and liverworts differ in their life cycle. Mosses produce spores, which are tiny capsules containing seeds. These spores are dispersed by wind or water. On the other hand, liverworts produce gametangia, which contain male and female organs. Gametangia release sperm and eggs into the environment, where fertilization occurs. Vegetative Reproduction in Bryophytes: Bryophytes commonly reproduce vegetatively. This occurs during favorable growing seasons and only in the gametophytic stage. Vegetative reproduction takes place by parts of the vegetative plant or by the production of special vegetative propagules. Sexual Reproduction in Bryophytes: Sexual reproduction is polygamous. Sex organs are always produced on the gametophy...

The correct option is A Liverworts have male and female sex organs on the same thallus Bryophytes are classified into liverworts and mosses. Liverworts, like Marchantia, are thalloid, dioecious, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms. Dioecious means that male and female sex organs are present on different thallus. The male and female plant is known as antheridiophore and archegoniophore, respectively. Mosses, like Funaria, are monoecious. The male and female are found on the same plant at tips of the leafy shoots. Gemmae cups in liverworts, protonema in mosses and archegonium in both mosses and liverworts are structures formed on the gametophyte by mitosis. As the gametophyte is haploid, hence, all these structures are haploid. The zygote is diploid and it develops into sporophyte by mitosis. Spore mother cells are present on the sporophyte and are diploid too. Q. Consider the following four statements: I. The Sporophyte of liverworts lives longer than those of mosses; II. Sphagnum is heterosporous; III. The lifecycle in all seed bearing plants is diplontic; IV. In pinus, male and female cones are borne on the same plants. Which of the two statements are wrong?

Bryophyte Definition Bryophytes are a group of plant species that reproduce via spores rather than flowers or seeds. Most bryophytes are found in damp environments and consist of three types of non-vascular land plants: the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Bryophyte Characteristics The following characteristics are exhibited by bryophytes: • Bryophytes are non-vascular land plants. Although they do exhibit specialized structures for water transportation, they are devoid of vascular tissue. • Bryophytes grow primarily in damp environments but can be found growing in diverse habitats ranging from deserts, the artic, and high elevations. Since bryophytes do not depend on root structures for nutrient uptake like vascular plants, they are able to survive in environments that vascular plants cannot (e.g., on the surface of rocks). • All bryophytes have a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle. During this stage, the plant is haploid and the sex organs that produce the gametes are developed. Bryophytes are unique compared to many other plant species in that they remain in this stage for long periods. • The sporophytes (the diploid form of the plant) of bryophytes are unbranched, producing a single spore-producing capsule (sporangium). Moreover, the sporophytes are dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition and develops within the female sex organ (archegonia). Bryophyte Life Cycle The bryophyte lifecycle consists of alternating generations between the haploid gametophyt...

Marchantia Marchantia is a genus of bryophytes. They are liverworts and found in moist and shady places. They lack true roots, stem and leaves. The plant body is thalloid. Table of Contents • • • • • • Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom as they require water to reproduce sexually and complete their life cycle. Check: Marchantia reproduce asexually as well as sexually. The life cycle is haplodiplontic and the haploid gametophyte is the dominant phase. The diploid sporophyte is short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte. Classification of Marchantia Marchantia is classified under division Hepaticophyta, which includes all the liverworts. Riccia is also a liverwort. Bryophyta is divided into three main classes: • Hepaticopsida- contains liverworts • Anthocerotopsida- contains hornworts • Bryopsida- contains mosses Also see: Kingdom Plantae Division Hepaticophyta Class Hepaticopsida Order Marchantiales Family Marchantiaceae Genus Marchantia The genus Marchantia contains around 65 species. They are present in moist and shady places all over the world. Some of the examples are: Marchantia polymorpha, Marchantia berteroana, Marchantia palmata, Marchantia nepalensis, etc. Marchantia Characteristics • The common habitat is moist and shady places. • The plant body is thalloid. The thallus is dorsiventral, flat and dichotomously branched. The gametophyte is the dominant phase of plant life. • The dorsal surface contains diamond-shaped markings, which has ce...

INTRODUCTION Sex determination is a process that leads to the physical separation of male and female gamete-producing structures to different individuals of a species. Even though sexually reproducing species have only three possible options—to relegate the two sexes to separate individuals, to keep them together on the same individual, or to have a combination of both—plants in particular display a great variety of sexual phenotypes. In angiosperms, a sex-determining process is manifest in species that are monoecious, in which at least some flowers are unisexual but the individual is not, or dioecious, in which unisexual plants produce flowers of one sex type. In plants that produce no flowers and are homosporous, sex determination is manifest in the gametophyte generation with the production of egg- and sperm-forming gametangia on separate individual gametophytes. The determinants of sexual phenotype in plants are diverse, ranging from sex chromosomes in Marchantia polymorpha and Silene latifolia to hormonal regulation in Zea mays and Cucumis sativa to pheromonal cross-talk between individuals in Ceratopteris richardii. Here, we highlight recent efforts aimed at understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for sex determination in several plant species that separate their sexes into two individuals or flowers. Representatives of all major land plant lineages are included to give an evolutionary perspective, which is important in understanding how differ...