Full form of dna in biology

: any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei called also deoxyribonucleic acid see recombinant dna

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleic acids, which are the information-carrying molecules of the cell. DNA molecules are polymers and are made up of many smaller molecules, called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. DNA molecules consist of two DNA strands, which are twisted around one another to form a spiral shape known as the double helix. The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin. DNA molecules are found in the nucleus and store the genetic code; that is, all the information required for an organism to function. What is the structure of DNA? What is the Structure of DNA? DNA molecules are polymers, which means they are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules. The small molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (called deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide There are four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA molecules. These are: • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine • Thymine The order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the DNA sequence or genetic code. The genetic code determines which instructions are encoded in the DNA molecule; for example, how to make a certain type of protein. Nucleotides are strongly linked together by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carb...

ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of DNA 2. Features of DNA 3. Molecular Structure 4. Components 5. Forms. Contents: • Essay on the Meaning of DNA • Essay on the Features of DNA • Essay on the Molecular Structure of DNA • Essay on the Components of DNA • Essay on the Forms of DNA Essay # 1. Meaning of DNA: ADVERTISEMENTS: A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and RNA synthesis is referred to as DNA. In other words, DNA refers to the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. The scientific name for DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Essay # 2. Features of DNA: The main features of DNA are given below: i. Location: In eukaryotes, DNA is found both in nucleus and cytoplasm. In the nucleus it is a major component of chromosome, whereas in cytoplasm it is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, it is found in the cytoplasm. ADVERTISEMENTS: ii. Structure: Mostly the DNA structure is double stranded in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, in some viruses DNA is single stranded. DNA is a double stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). iii. Shape: In eukaryotes, the DNA is of linear shape. In prokaryotes and mitochondria; the DNA is circular. iv. Replication: The DNA is capabl...

From the work of biochemist Phoebus Levene and others, scientists in Watson and Crick's time knew that DNA was composed of subunits called nucleotides 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript . A nucleotide is made up of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) or cytosine (C). Left panel: structure of a DNA nucleotide. The deoxyribose sugar is attached to a phosphate group and to a nitrogenous base. The base may be any one of four possible options: cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G). The four bases have differences in their structure and functional groups. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines and have just one ring in their chemical structures. Adenine and guanine are purines and have two rings in their structures. Right panel: a strand of linked DNA nucleotides. The sugars are connected by phosphodiester bonds. A phosphodiester bond consists of a phosphate group in which two of the oxygen atoms are bonded to other atoms - in this case, to carbon atoms of the neighboring deoxyribose sugars. The DNA strand consists of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars (sugar-phosphate backbone), with the nitrogenous bases sticking out from the deoxyribose sugars. DNA nucleotides assemble in chains linked by covalent bonds, which form between the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next. This arrangement makes an alternating chain of deoxyribose...

DNA generally exists in three common types (represented as B, A and Z forms). Besides B, A and Z forms, DNA may rarely exist as A, C and E forms. Therefore, DNA possesses six different forms that are either in a left or right-handed fashion, under appropriate physiological conditions. Inspite of the above six forms, DNA may form some unusual structures like bent, triple-stranded and four-stranded DNA. The conformation of DNA strongly depends upon the pH and ionic strength of the solution. Certain viruses like bacteriophage ɸ x 174 comprise a single stranded DNA. Some viruses and almost all prokaryotes possess circular and superhelical DNA. In this context, we will discuss all the possible forms of double-helical DNA. Content: Different Forms of DNA • • • • • • • • • • • • Definition Different forms of DNA can define as the different structural configuration of DNA that shows a distinct change in structure and physiology at relative pH and ionic strength of the solution. Different forms of DNA like B, A, C, D, E and Z have revealed after the X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA crystals at atomic resolution. Forms of DNA DNA (hereditary material of the cell) consists of a long polynucleotide chain and shows structural diversity by changing its structural configuration, based on various factors like: • The hydration level • Salt concentration • DNA sequence • Quantity and direction of supercoiling • Presence of modified bases • Presence of metal ions, polyamines in the solution...

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Sequencing an entire genome (all of an organism’s DNA) remains a complex task. It requires breaking the DNA of the genome into many smaller pieces, sequencing the pieces, and assembling the sequences into a single long "consensus." However, thanks to new methods that have been developed over the past two decades, genome sequencing is now much faster and less expensive than it was during the Human Genome Project 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript . In the Human Genome Project, Sanger sequencing was used to determine the sequences of many relatively small fragments of human DNA. (These fragments weren't necessarily 900 900 9 0 0 900 bp or less, but researchers were able to "walk" along each fragment using multiple rounds of Sanger sequencing.) The fragments were aligned based on overlapping portions to assemble the sequences of larger regions of DNA and, eventually, entire chromosomes. The mixture is first heated to denature the template DNA (separate the strands), then cooled so that the primer can bind to the single-stranded template. Once the primer has bound, the temperature is raised again, allowing DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA starting from the primer. DNA polymerase will continue adding nucleotides to the chain until it happens to add a dideoxy nucleotide instead of a normal one. At that point, no further nucleotides can be added, so the strand will end with the dideoxy nucleotide. This process is repeated in a number of cycles. By the time the cycli...

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. • Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. • In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. • In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. • In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history. • Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. • While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. • Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians. • Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century. Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! • Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space! An early use of DNA fingerprinting was inlegal disputes, notably to help solve crimes and to determinepaternity.It is also used to identify inherited genetic diseases and can be used to identify genetic matches between tissue donors and recipients. DNA fingerprinting is also a valuable tool for confirming pedigree...

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleic acids, which are the information-carrying molecules of the cell. DNA molecules are polymers and are made up of many smaller molecules, called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. DNA molecules consist of two DNA strands, which are twisted around one another to form a spiral shape known as the double helix. The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered in 1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin. DNA molecules are found in the nucleus and store the genetic code; that is, all the information required for an organism to function. What is the structure of DNA? What is the Structure of DNA? DNA molecules are polymers, which means they are large molecules made up of many smaller molecules. The small molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (called deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide There are four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA molecules. These are: • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine • Thymine The order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule is known as the DNA sequence or genetic code. The genetic code determines which instructions are encoded in the DNA molecule; for example, how to make a certain type of protein. Nucleotides are strongly linked together by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carb...

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. • Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives. • In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. • In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. • In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history. • Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. • While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. • Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians. • Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century. Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! • Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space! An early use of DNA fingerprinting was inlegal disputes, notably to help solve crimes and to determinepaternity.It is also used to identify inherited genetic diseases and can be used to identify genetic matches between tissue donors and recipients. DNA fingerprinting is also a valuable tool for confirming pedigree...