Functions of chloroplast

Like mitochondria, chloroplasts likely originated from an ancient symbiosis, in this case when a nucleated cell engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote. Indeed, chloroplasts resemble modern cyanobacteria, which remain similar to the cyanobacteria of 3 million years ago. However, the evolution of photosynthesis goes back even further, to the earliest cells that evolved the ability to capture light energy and use it to produce energy-rich molecules. When these organisms developed the ability to split water molecules and use the electrons from these molecules, photosynthetic cells started generating oxygen — an event that had dramatic consequences for the evolution of all living things on Earth (Figure 1). © 2010 Today, chloroplasts retain small, circular genomes that resemble those of cyanobacteria, although they are much smaller. (Mitochondrial genomes are even smaller than the genomes of chloroplasts.) Coding sequences for the majority of chloroplast proteins have been lost, so these proteins are now encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported from the cytoplasm into the chloroplast. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes. The outer membrane is permeable to small organic molecules, whereas the inner membrane is less permeable and studded with transport proteins. The innermost matrix of chloroplasts, called the stroma, contains metabolic enzymes and multiple copies of the chloroplast genome. Chloroplasts also have a thi...

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Plant cells possess a characteristic component called plastids. They primarily function to produce and store food materials in algae and plant cells. All plastids develop from proplastids in the plant cell and mature into respective matured plastids based on the specific function a cell is going to perform. Mature plastids also show the ability to convert from one form to another. Plastids are a distinctive feature that is possessed by plant cells. Plastids are organelles that have double-membrane-bound. Their main purpose is to make and store food. They often have different types of pigmentations, which causes them to change the colors of the cells. Plastids are membrane-bound heterogenous organelles. Chromoplasts are a type of plastids that lack chlorophyll. Chromoplasts are seen in fruits, flowers, aging leaves of the plants, etc. They are also responsible for imparting distinctive colors to the plants. We will learn in detail about chromoplast, it’s characteristics and functions in this article. Types of Plastids The three types of plastids that are found in algae or plant cells are: Chloroplast These are specialized organelles containing chlorophyll pigment and carotenoids found in most plant cells. They contain a pigment known as chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is responsible for the plant’s green color and ability to absorb energy from sunlight. This energy is used to convert water and atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. That can be metabolized through the biochemical ...

Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis.The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, which capture energy from sunlight to produce oxygen (O2) and chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar). Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores. The process During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the glucose molecules. Chlorophyll Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the energy of sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-absorbing pigment called chlorophyll, which is responsible for giving the plant its green color. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves, making the plant appear green. Light-dependent reactions vs. light-independent reactions While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of s...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • What do pancakes and chloroplasts have in common? The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. Part of the Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, which are shown in Figure • Stage I is called the light reactions. This stage uses • Stage II is called the Calvin cycle. This stage combines carbon from carbon dioxide in the air and uses the chemical energy in ATP and NADPH to make glucose. The two stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Do you see how the two stages are related? Before you read about these two stages of photosynthesis in greater detail, you need to know more about the chloroplast, where the two stages take place. The Chloroplast Chloroplasts: Theaters for Photosynthesis Photosynthesis, the process of turning the energy of sunlight into ‘‘food,’’ is divided into two basic sets of reactions, known as the light reactions and the Calvin cycle, which uses carbon dioxide. As you study the details in other concepts, refer frequently to the chemical equation of photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + Light Energy → C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle specific to plant cells. If you examine a single leaf of a Winter Jasmine leaf, shown in Figure chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis in plants and algae. Chloroplasts closely resemble some types of bacteria and even contain their own circular DNA and endosymbiotic theory holds that chloropl...