Generations of computer

Called the “Model K” Adder because he built it on his “Kitchen” table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. That same year in Germany, engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Palo Alto, California garage. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to test recording equipment and speaker systems for the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie “Fantasia” in 1940. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bomb...

Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand. Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s). Memory – a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer. Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans). First Generation of Computers Classification of generations of computers The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. Five Generations of Computers Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence based The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s) • Main electronic component – vacuum tube • Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes • Programming language – machine language • Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat. • Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (ofte...

Generations, Computers Early modern computers are typically grouped into four "generations." Each generation is marked by improvements in basic technology. These improvements in technology have been extraordinary and each advance has resulted in computers of lower cost, higher speed, greater memory capacity, and smaller size. This grouping into generations is not clear-cut nor is it without debate. Many of the inventions and discoveries that contributed to the modern computer era do not neatly fit into these strict categories. The reader should not interpret these dates as strict historical boundaries. First Generation (1945 –1959) The –1961). During the first half of the twentieth century, it was the fundamental technology that was used to construct radios, televisions, radar, X-ray machines, and a wide variety of other electronic devices. It is also the primary technology associated with the first generation of computing machines. The first operational electronic general-purpose computer, named the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), was built in 1943 and used 18,000 vacuum tubes. It was constructed with government funding at the University of –1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907 –1980). It was almost 30.5 meters (100 feet) long and had twenty 10-digit registers for temporary calculations. It used punched cards for input and output and was programmed with plug board wiring. The ENIAC was able to compute at the rate of 1,900 additions per second. It was used...

Understanding Intel® Product Naming Conventions: • The processor number is just one of several factors—along with processor brand, system configurations, and system-level benchmarks—to be considered when choosing the right processor for your computing needs. • Distinguish product brands, brand modifiers, generations, SKUs, and product lines from Intel® processor names. • Intel builds specific processors to serve affordable computing sold under the Intel® processor. New Streamlined Brand Naming Convention Intel is introducing a new simplified brand – Intel® Processor – for affordable computing. Starting in 2023, these affordable computing products will be simply branded as Intel® Processor, instead of Intel® Pentium® and Intel® Celeron® processor. This new, streamlined brand architecture will allow Intel to sharpen its focus on flagship brands, including Intel® Core™, Intel® Evo™, and Intel vPro®. Additionally, this update will streamline brand offerings across PC segments to enhance and enable Intel customer communication on each product’s value proposition. The new brand architecture is also expected to provide customers a simplified purchasing experience by serving as a brand name for multiple processor families. Intel will continue to deliver the same products and benefits within segments. The new Intel Processor brand will leave Intel’s current product offerings and roadmap unchanged. Brand The Intel naming scheme starts with the processor’sbrand—the overall product li...

• ClearIAS • What we offer: • Free Resources • Premium Resources • Courses • All Courses • Prelims Programs • Mains Programs • Interview Programs • PCM • Prelims cum Mains: Target 2024 • Prelims cum Mains: Target 2025 • Prelims cum Mains: Target 2026 • Prelims cum Mains: Target 2027 • PTS • UPSC Prelims Test Series 2024 • UPSC PYQ GS • UPSC PYQ CSAT • Study Materials • ClearIAS Blog • FREE Study Materials • Guidance Articles • UPSC Books • UPSC PDFs • ClearIAS Courses • ClearIAS Mobile Apps • UPSC • UPSC • UPSC Syllabus • UPSC Exams • UPSC Results • UPSC FAQs • Toppers • Reviews • UPSC Toppers • What’s New? • Latest Updates • New Courses • Login Can you envision a world without computers today? Technology has ingrained itself deeply into our culture and way of life. As a result, it is challenging for us to imagine life without it. Let’s examine the many computer generations and some of the terms used in the industry. To learn more, read the article. Computer technology has done it’s major contributio ns in the world for the enhancement of the quality of communication. It also helps in reducing the mortality rate as it aids in providing various health services. Moreover, computers have taken over different jobs, making human skills obsolete. It has become a necessity for almost every sector in our society to make use of computers for their operations as the usage of computers has increased. It made working and sorting out things easier. Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • •...

History of computing A computer might be described with deceptive simplicity as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically.” Such a definition would owe its deceptiveness to a naive and narrow view of calculation as a strictly mathematical process. In fact, calculation underlies many activities that are not normally thought of as mathematical. Walking across a room, for instance, requires many complex, Before the true They had to solve all the heady problems of developing such a device, of see the articles Early history Computer precursors The The earliest known calculating device is probably the bce and is still in use today, particularly in Asia. Now, as then, it typically consists of a rectangular frame with thin parallel rods strung with beads. Long before any The abacus is a digital device; that is, it represents values discretely. A bead is either in one predefined position or another, representing unambiguously, say, one or zero. Analog calculators: from Napier’s logarithms to the slide rule Calculating devices took a different turn when Most significant for the development of computing, the transformation of multiplication into addition greatly simplified the possibility of mechanization. cosine and cotangent, built a device for performing navigational calculations: the Gunter scale, or, as navigators simply called it, the gunter. About 1632 an English clergyman and mathematician named Digital calculators: from the Calculating Clock to the Arith...

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Back to: Welcome to class! In today’s class, we will be talking about the generations of computers. Enjoy the class! Generations of Computers First-generation An electronic machine which was distinct from mechanical computers evolved about 1945. UNIVAC is a good example of this generation of computers. Computers of this generation were characterized by: • They used Vacuum tubes. • They were very large and expensive. • They were very bulky. • They had a low retentive memory. • They generated a lot of heat. Second-generation Second-generation computers were the replacement of vacuum tubes. The computers utilized primary discrete TRANSISTORS. They had limited capability but were more advanced than the first generation computers. Features • They were more reliable than the first generation. • They could perform calculations. • They had a more efficient storage facility. • They generated lesser heat compared with the first generated computers. Third-generation Third-generation computers utilized INTEGRATED CIRCUIT [ICs] technology, Small Scale Integration [SSI] with more sophisticated software capability like multi-programming, multi-processing and operating systems as resource managers. The following can be noted in third generation computers: • Faster input and output. • Increased storage capability • Increased process capability • Ability to display pictures and musical sound Conclusion We have learnt that the first generation computers used vacuum tubes, second-generation c...

Back to: Welcome to class! In today’s class, we will be talking about the generations of computers. Enjoy the class! Generations of Computers First-generation An electronic machine which was distinct from mechanical computers evolved about 1945. UNIVAC is a good example of this generation of computers. Computers of this generation were characterized by: • They used Vacuum tubes. • They were very large and expensive. • They were very bulky. • They had a low retentive memory. • They generated a lot of heat. Second-generation Second-generation computers were the replacement of vacuum tubes. The computers utilized primary discrete TRANSISTORS. They had limited capability but were more advanced than the first generation computers. Features • They were more reliable than the first generation. • They could perform calculations. • They had a more efficient storage facility. • They generated lesser heat compared with the first generated computers. Third-generation Third-generation computers utilized INTEGRATED CIRCUIT [ICs] technology, Small Scale Integration [SSI] with more sophisticated software capability like multi-programming, multi-processing and operating systems as resource managers. The following can be noted in third generation computers: • Faster input and output. • Increased storage capability • Increased process capability • Ability to display pictures and musical sound Conclusion We have learnt that the first generation computers used vacuum tubes, second-generation c...

Understanding Intel® Product Naming Conventions: • The processor number is just one of several factors—along with processor brand, system configurations, and system-level benchmarks—to be considered when choosing the right processor for your computing needs. • Distinguish product brands, brand modifiers, generations, SKUs, and product lines from Intel® processor names. • Intel builds specific processors to serve affordable computing sold under the Intel® processor. New Streamlined Brand Naming Convention Intel is introducing a new simplified brand – Intel® Processor – for affordable computing. Starting in 2023, these affordable computing products will be simply branded as Intel® Processor, instead of Intel® Pentium® and Intel® Celeron® processor. This new, streamlined brand architecture will allow Intel to sharpen its focus on flagship brands, including Intel® Core™, Intel® Evo™, and Intel vPro®. Additionally, this update will streamline brand offerings across PC segments to enhance and enable Intel customer communication on each product’s value proposition. The new brand architecture is also expected to provide customers a simplified purchasing experience by serving as a brand name for multiple processor families. Intel will continue to deliver the same products and benefits within segments. The new Intel Processor brand will leave Intel’s current product offerings and roadmap unchanged. Brand The Intel naming scheme starts with the processor’sbrand—the overall product li...