Goitre disease

Thyroid gland The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck. It makes hormones that control every part of your metabolism, from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories. Health care providers perform thyroidectomy to treat thyroid disorders. These include cancer, noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). How much of your thyroid gland is removed during thyroidectomy depends on the reason for the surgery. If you need only part of your thyroid removed (partial thyroidectomy), your thyroid may work normally after surgery. If you need your entire thyroid removed (total thyroidectomy), you need daily treatment with thyroid hormone to replace your thyroid's natural function. Why it's done Your doctor may recommend thyroidectomy if you have conditions such as: • Thyroid cancer. Cancer is the most common reason for thyroidectomy. If you have thyroid cancer, removing most or all of your thyroid will likely be a treatment option. • Noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter). Removing all or part of your thyroid gland may be an option for a large goiter. A large goiter may be uncomfortable or make it hard to breathe or swallow. A goiter may also be removed if it's causing your thyroid to be overactive. • Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidi...

Hyperthyroidism refers to thyrotoxicosis caused by the overproduction of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The most common type of thyrotoxicosis encountered in the United States and worldwide is Graves’ disease; toxic nodular goiter (TNG) is the second most common type of thyrotoxicosis. Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly encountered in clinical endocrine practice. It may be classified as diffuse or nodular and may be either nontoxic or toxic. Nodular goiter may include multiple nodules (i.e., multinodular goiter [MNG]) or a single nodule. Regardless of different possible mechanisms of development, diffuse thyroid enlargement eventually evolves into a nodular stage. 1 Plummer’s disease, TNG was first described by Henry Plummer at Mayo Clinic in 1913. In elderly individuals and in geographic areas of endemic iodine deficiency, TNG is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. 2 Patients with Graves’ disease usually have diffuse, nontender, symmetric enlargement of the thyroid gland. Other features of Graves’ disease affecting the eyes and skin will be described in ensuing sections in this chapter. 2, 3 Changes in the iodine content of salt and in the iodine supplementation of water have been linked to changes in the incidence of TNG. In Switzerland in 1980 and in Spain in 1994, the iodine content of salt was increased, and this was associated with a transient increased incidence of thyrotoxicosis followed by decreased incidence...

WHAT IS IODINE DEFICIENCY? Iodine deficiency is when your body does not get enough iodine for the thyroid gland to work normally. • Thyroid cells need iodine to make thyroid hormone. If you do not have enough iodine in your body, you cannot make enough thyroid hormone. • Iodine deficiency can cause: • your thyroid gland to grow too big (goiter – see Goiter brochure), • your thyroid gland to not make enough thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) (see Hypothyroidism brochure), • intellectual disabilities in babies whose mothers did not have enough iodine during pregnancy. • The body does not make iodine, so you need to get it from the foods you eat. Iodine is found in various food (see Table 1) Before the 1920s, iodine deficiency was common in the Great Lakes, Appalachian, and Northwestern United States (U.S.) regions and in most of Canada. When people started using iodized salt, iodine deficiency became much less common in the U.S. and Canada. Today, people in many parts of the world still do not have enough iodine and iodine deficiency continues to be a public health problem. About 30% of the people in the world are at risk for iodine deficiency. TABLE 1: Common Sources Of Dietary Iodine Iodized table salt Iodine-containing multivitamins Seaweed (kelp, kombu, nori, dulse) Saltwater fish (cod, sardines, salmon, tuna) Shellfish (scallops, shrimp) Dairy (milk , cheese, yogurt) Eggs Your thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the lower front of your neck. The job of yo...

Overview Your thyroid is a gland in your neck that makes hormones that control many bodily functions. An enlarged thyroid gland is called a One type of goiter is a multinodular goiter, in which an enlarged thyroid will have separate bumps ( Multinodular goiters are associated with a higher risk of thyroid cancer. However, researchers don’t yet understand the connection between the two. If you do have a multinodular goiter, your doctor will most likely screen you for thyroid cancer as well. Treatment for multinodular goiter varies depending on: • whether you have hyperthyroidism • the size of the goiter • whether any of the nodules are cancerous Most multinodular goiters don’t cause any symptoms and are discovered during a routine physical exam. If you have a toxic multinodular goiter, which makes too much thyroid hormone, you might have symptoms of • sudden and unexplained weight loss • rapid heartbeat • increased appetite • nervousness or anxiety • tremors, usually in your hands • sweating • increased sensitivity to heat A multinodular goiter that grows large can also cause symptoms, especially if it starts to grow into your chest. Symptoms of a large goiter include: • difficulty breathing or swallowing • feeling like you have food stuck in your throat • having a “full” feeling in your neck Very large goiters might also be visible in your neck. The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown. Researchers don’t yet understand the connection between multinodular goiters and thyroid ...

Medical condition Toxic multinodular goiter Other names Toxic nodular goiter, Plummer's disease, multinodular toxic goiter, TMNG, MNTG Most common causes of Toxic multinodular goiter ( TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter ( MNTG), is an active It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (after Signs and symptoms [ ] Symptoms of toxic multinodular goitre are similar to that of • • muscle weakness/wasting • • • • irritability • • • • non-painful • • tracheal compression • exophthalmos Causes [ ] Sequence of events: • Iodine deficiency leading to decreased • Induction of thyroid cell hyperplasia due to low levels of T4. This accounts for the multinodular goitre appearance. • Increased replication predisposes to a risk of mutation in the TSH receptor. • If the mutated TSH receptor is constitutively active, it would then become 'toxic' and produces excess Diagnosis [ ] Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed by evaluating symptoms and physical exam findings, and by conducting laboratory tests to confirm the presence of excess thyroid hormones. It is characterized by high levels of thyroid hormone in the blood along with a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). After diagnosing hyperthyroidism, a Treatments [ ] Toxic multinodular goiter can be treated with antithyroid medications such as A Cochrane review compared treatments using History [ ] The [ citation needed] References [ ] • Carlé, Allan; Ped...