Gross anatomy of stomach

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The small intestine (small bowel) lies between the stomach and the large intestine (large bowel) and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine is so called because its lumen diameter is smaller than that of the large intestine, although it is longer in length than the large intestine. The duodenum continues into the jejunum at the duodenojejunal junction or flexure, which lies to the left of L2 vertebra and is fixed to the retroperitoneum by a suspensory ligament of Treitz. The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) lies to the left of the duodenojejunal junction. There are several peritoneal fossae around the duodenojejunal flexure, which may be the sites of an internal herniation of the small bowel. The rest of the small intestine is a 4-6-m long convoluted tube occupying the center of the abdomen and the pelvis, surrounded on 2 sides and above by the colon (a part of the large intestine). The ileum continues into the large intestine (cecum) at the ileocecal junction. [ The small intestine is differentiated from the large intestine by the presence of a mesentery (exceptions being no mesentery in the duodenum, and presence of a mesentery in the transverse and sigmoid colons) and the absence of tenia coli and appendices epiploicae, which are present in the colon. The demarcation between the jejunum (proximal) and the ileum (distal) is not very clear. Embryology Embryologically, the small intestine develops mainly from the midgut, with the superior mesenteric a...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the functional anatomy of the stomach • Identify the four main types of secreting cells in gastric glands, and their important products • Explain why the stomach does not digest itself • Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of food entering the stomach • Describe any absorption that happens in the stomach Although a minimal amount of digestion occurs in the mouth, chemical digestion really gets underway in the stomach, primarily as the initial site of protein digestion. An expansion of the alimentary canal that lies immediately inferior to the esophagus, the stomach links the esophagus to the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum) and is relatively fixed in place at its esophageal and duodenal ends. In between, however, it can be a highly active structure, contracting and continually changing position and size. These contractions provide mechanical assistance to digestion. The empty stomach is only about the size of your fist, but can stretch to hold as much as 4 liters of food and fluid, or more than 75 times its empty volume, and then return to its resting size when empty. Although you might think that the size of a person’s stomach is related to how much food that individual consumes, body weight does not correlate with stomach size. Rather, when you eat greater quantities of food—such as at holiday dinner—you stretch the stomach more than when you eat less. Popular cultu...

The stomach is the first intra-abdominal part of the gastrointestinal (GI), or digestive, tract. It is a muscular, highly vascular bag-shaped organ that is distensible and may take varying shapes, depending on the build and posture of the person and the state of fullness of the organ (see the image below). The stomach lies in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. [ The cardiac notch (incisura cardiaca gastri) is the acute angle between the left border of theabdominal esophagus and the fundus of the stomach, which is the part of stomach above a horizontal line drawn from the cardia. The body (corpus) of the stomach leads to the pyloric antrum (at the incisura angularis). The pyloric antrum narrows toward the right to become the pyloric canal, surrounded by the pyloric sphincter, which joins the duodenum at the L1 level (transpyloric plane) to the right of the midline (see the image below). The convex greater curvature of the stomach starts at the left of the cardia and runs from the fundus along the left border of the body of the stomach and the inferior border of the pylorus. The concave lesser curvature starts at the right of the cardia as a continuation of the right border of the abdominal esophagus and runs a short distance along the right border of the body of the stomach and the superior border of the pylorus. The junction of the vertical and horizontal parts of the lesser curvature is called incisura angularis. Lesser curvature is shorter in length than the greater...

The esophagus is a 25-cm long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the [ [ The esophagus extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra) to the cardiac orifice of the stomach at the side of the body of the 11th thoracic vertebra. The upper limit in the newborn infant is found at the level of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, and it ends higher, at the level of the ninth thoracic vertebra. [ In its vertical course, the esophagus has 2 gentle curves in the coronal plane. The first curve begins a little below the commencement of the esophagus and inclines to the left as far as the root of the neck and returns to the midline at the level of fifth thoracic vertebra. The second curve to the left is formed as the esophagus bends to cross the descending thoracic aorta, before it pierces the diaphragm. The esophagus also has anteroposterior curvatures that correspond to the curvatures of the cervical and thoracic part of the vertebral column. [ The video below depicts the esophagus as viewed through an esophagoscope in a 3-year-old child. This video is of an esophagoscopy in a 3-year-old child. The esophagoscope is introduced through the mouth. As the scope enters the esophageal inlet, the larynx becomes visible with an endotracheal tube passing through the vocal folds. The esophagoscope meets some resistance as it is passed through the upper esophageal sphincter. The esophagus is then entered, and the mucosal lining o...

\( \newcommand\) • • • The stomach is divided into four sections, each of which has different cells and functions. Key Points • The stomach is divided into four sections: the cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus or atrium. • The stomach is lined by a mucous membrane that contains glands (with chief cells) that secrete gastric juices. • Two smooth muscle valves, or sphincters, keep the contents of the stomach contained: the cardiac or esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter. • The arteries supplying the stomach are the left gastric, the right gastric, and the right gastroepiploic branches of the hepatic, and the left gastroepiploic and short gastric branches of the lineal. • Lymphatics consist of a superficial and a deep set, and pass to the lymph glands found along the two curvatures of the organ. • The nerves are the terminal branches of the right and left urethra and other parts; the former are distributed upon the back, and the latter upon the front, part of the organ. Key Terms • chief cell: A cell located in the stomach and parathyroid gland that secretes precursor enzymes. • pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate, including humans, at the lower end of the stomach that opens into the duodenum. • sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle that surrounds a bodily opening and constricts and relaxes as required for normal physiological functioning. The stomach is a thick, walled organ that lies between the esophagus and the first part of the small intestin...

Univ of Michigan - Gross Anatomy - Lymphatics of the Abdomen Medical Gross Anatomy Anatomy Tables - Lymphatics Lymphatics of the Abdomen - Listed Alphabetically Structure Location Afferents from Efferents to Regions drained Notes celiac nodes around the celiac trunk hepatic nodes, gastric nodes, pancreaticosplenic nodes intestinal lymph trunk liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas celiac nodes are from 3 to 6 in number cisterna chyli between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava anterior to the body of the L1 or L2 vertebra right and & left lumbar trunks; possibly the intestinal trunk thoracic duct all of the body below the respiratory diaphragm; all of the abdominal and pelvic viscera cisterna chyli is an enlargement of the lower end of the thoracic duct; it occurs in about 25% of individuals colic nodes, middle along the course of the middle colic vessels peripheral nodes located along the attachment of the mesentery superior mesenteric nodes transverse colon middle colic nodes are approximately 40 in number colic nodes, right along the course of the right colic vessels peripheral nodes located along the marginal a. superior mesenteric nodes ascending colon, cecum right colic nodes are approximately 70 in number common iliac nodes along the common iliac vessels; over the sacral promontory external iliac nodes, internal iliac nodes lumbar (lateral aortic) chain of nodes lower limb; pelvic organs, perineum, lower part of the anterior abdominal wall common ...