Highlight the structural importance of an antibody molecule with a diagram. name the four types of antibodies found to give a humoral immune response, mentioning the functions of two of them you have studied.

Highlight the structural importance of an antibody molecule with a diagram. Name the four types of antibodies found to give a humoral immune response, mentioning the functions of two of them you have studied. OR (a) Explain the Life cycle of Plasmodium starting from its entry in the body of female Anopheles till the completion of its life cycle in humans. (b) Explain the cause of periodic recurrence of chill and high fever during malarial attack in humans. An antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy (H) chains while other two are short called light (L) chains. Both are arranged in the shape of Y. Hence, the antibody is represented as H 2 L 2 (Diagram with Labels – Light chain , Heavy Chain Types of Antibody – IgA, IgM, IgE,IgG (1mark awarded when all 4 types are stated) IgA – Lactating Mother to protect their infant) Ig E – To protect from allergen(½ Mark) OR (a) When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, the parasites enter the mosquito’s body as gametocytes. It leads to fertilization and development in the gut of the mosquito and undergoes further development to form sporozoites that are stored in salivary glandsuntil their transfer to human body. In the human body – the sporozoites reach the liver and reproduce asexually, bursting the cells and releasing them into the RBCs as gametocytes. (Labeled diagram explaining the mentioned stages can also be considered) (b) The rupture of RBCs releases a toxic substance call...

Overview What are antibodies? Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your Another word for antibody is immunoglobulin. Antigen vs antibody An antigen is a foreign substance that enters your body. This can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens, venom and other various toxins. An antibody is a protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off these antigens. How do antibodies fight off antigens? The molecules on the surfaces of antigens differ from those found naturally in your body. So, when an antigen enters your body, your immune system recognizes it right away. In order to attack this antigen invader, your immune system calls out for antibody protection. Where are antibodies produced? Antibodies are produced by B cells (specialized Antibodies are located in various areas of your body, including your skin, lungs, tears, saliva and even breast milk. In fact, high amounts of antibodies are present in colostrum (a thick fluid secreted by the breasts for a few days after giving birth). That’s why What are monoclonal antibodies? Monoclonal antibodies are created in a lab. They mimic your immune system’s natural ability to fight off pathogens. Function What are the 5 types of antibodies and their function? Antibodies are categorized into five classes according to their location. Each one is labeled by a letter, which is attached to an abbreviation of the term “immunoglobulin” (Ig): Antibody Type Funct...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • B Cell Activation B cells must be activated by an antigen before they can fight Figure helper T cell. The helper T cell binds to the B cell at the antigen site and releases cytokines that “tell” or signal the B cell to develop into a plasma cell. Activation of a B cell must occur before it can respond to pathogens. What role do T cells play in the activation process?

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells or white blood cells. They specifically recognize and bind to particular antigens. This page introduces the nomenclature and criteria used to describe the structure, classes, and functional types of immunoglobulins. Explore antibodies Introduction to immunoglobulins Heavy and light chains are held together by a combination of non-covalent interactions and covalent interchain disulfide bonds, forming a bilaterally symmetric structure. The V regions of H and L chains comprise the antigen-binding sites of the immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules. Each Ig monomer contains two antigen-binding sites and is said to be bivalent. The hinge region is the area of the H chains between the first and second C region domains and is held together by disulfide bonds. This flexible hinge (found in IgG, IgA, and IgD, but not IgM or IgE) region allows the distance between the two antigen-binding sites to vary. The five primary classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. These are distinguished by the type of heavy chain found in the molecule. IgG molecules have heavy chains known as gamma-chains; IgMs have mu-chains; IgAs have alpha-chains; IgEs have epsilon-chains; and IgDs have delta-chains. Differences in heavy chain polypeptides allow these immunoglobulins to function in different types of immune responses and at particular stages of the immune response. The polypeptide protein sequence...

Theme 2: How Does Blood and Organ Donation Work? 2.7 Adaptive Immunity Antigens and the Adaptive Immune Response Adaptive immunity occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination.The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer than the innate response; however, adaptive immunity is more specific to an invading pathogen. This part of the immune system works in tandem with the innate immune response to neutralize pathogens. In fact, without information from the innate immune system, the adaptive response could not be mobilized. An antigen is a small, specific molecule on a particular pathogen that stimulates a response in the immune system. One example of an antigen is a specific sequence of 8 amino acids in a protein found only in an influenza virus, the virus responsible for causing “the flu.”. Another example is a short chain of carbohydrates found on the cell wall of Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningitis. There are millions of potential sequences of amino acids, carbohydrates, and other small molecules that can act as antigens. The adaptive immune system works because the immune cells responsible for it are each able to recognize and respond to one specific antigen, or a few very similar ones. The adaptive immune responses depends on the function of two types of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells. In adaptive immunity, activated T and B cells whose surface binding...