Illustrate some events of natural fires in j&k

The term wildfire refers to any conflagration that starts in a rural, sparsely populated or largely undeveloped area. In many parts of the world, wildfires form part of the ecosystem and often burn at a safe distance from areas of human settlement. Under dry conditions and when fanned by strong winds, however, fires can spread into heavily populated districts, causing major damage to property. Buildings may be set alight by radiant heat, contact with the flames, or flying embers. The flames themselves are not the only thing that leads to a loss. Smoke can also cause property damage, and indirect losses can result from business interruption. The wildfire hazard is the result of a complex interaction of highly disparate factors. Wildfire is the only natural hazard that is directly influenced by human behaviour. This is because the majority of fires close to populated areas are the direct or indirect result of human activity, including carelessness and arson. Efforts are made to prevent major fires through rapid fire suppression and the adoption of preventive measures. In sparsely populated regions, most fires are the result of lightning strikes. The hazard is especially high in climate zones with enough rainfall to allow vegetation to flourish, but where there are also long periods of warm weather with little precipitation. Under such conditions plants gradually dry out, becoming highly flammable. This type of climate prevails in California, south-eastern Australia and the M...

The environmental impact from enclosure fires is explored in this chapter. Main influencing parameters that are discussed are (i) fire dynamics, (ii) the incident response and the (iii) post-fire remediation activities. In this chapter, the discussion of fire dynamics includes the influence of the enclosure on the fire growth, and the influence of the combustion conditions, compartment size and fire loads on the fully developed fire. Incident response is considered in order to understand the impact of response tactics including time of extinguishment, amount and type of suppressant on the overall environmental impact of the fire, together with other environmental impacts from the fire and rescue service. The third influencing parameter on the environmental impact from enclosure fires, post-fire remediation, deals with the environmental impact from replacement of materials and structures including restoration of the fire site. It is noted that this last factor can be significant and is often overlooked. Finally, the application of life cycle thinking to sprinkler systems in enclosures, and fires including industrial chemicals are discussed briefly in this chapter. • Meacham B, Poole B, Echeverria J, Cheng R (2012) Fire safety challenges of green buildings. Final Report. Fire Research. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Online. • Olsson N, Göras T (2018) Hållbart Brandskydd – En handbok om hållbara brandskyddsutformningar (Sustainable fire protection – A handbook about...

Lightning ignition is the major cause of natural wildfires in several regions worldwide. Determining if wildfires in remote uncontrolled areas result from natural lightning as opposed to anthropic action is a relevant and yet-unsolved challenge for large regions of the planet, with scientific and management implications ranging from environmental conservation to mitigation of climate-related emissions of gases and aerosols. Brazil is the country with one of the highest occurrences of lightning (50 to 100 million/year) and which is also subject to numerous and vast wildfires (up to ∼600 × 10 3 km 2/year) affecting all its biomes. To quantify natural fires we combined cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and CG dry-lightning (CGDL) detected by a ground network, with fire pixels mapped by satellite remote sensing (AQUA, S-NPP and NOAA-20) over ∼1,8 × 10 6 km 2 in Central Brazil, between 2015 to 2019. Lightning ignition candidates were selected based on the distance between fires and lightning in time and space. The selected cases were investigated according to annual and monthly distributions in space and time, to local weather at the time of occurrence and, electrical characteristics related to ignition. Space-time distributions of CG lightning, CGDL and of active fires were also analyzed. Results showed that the CGDLs pattern is not different from that of the overall CG lightning, with both presenting similar kernel density, polarity and peak current. The lightning candidates ind...

The term wildfire refers to any conflagration that starts in a rural, sparsely populated or largely undeveloped area. In many parts of the world, wildfires form part of the ecosystem and often burn at a safe distance from areas of human settlement. Under dry conditions and when fanned by strong winds, however, fires can spread into heavily populated districts, causing major damage to property. Buildings may be set alight by radiant heat, contact with the flames, or flying embers. The flames themselves are not the only thing that leads to a loss. Smoke can also cause property damage, and indirect losses can result from business interruption. The wildfire hazard is the result of a complex interaction of highly disparate factors. Wildfire is the only natural hazard that is directly influenced by human behaviour. This is because the majority of fires close to populated areas are the direct or indirect result of human activity, including carelessness and arson. Efforts are made to prevent major fires through rapid fire suppression and the adoption of preventive measures. In sparsely populated regions, most fires are the result of lightning strikes. The hazard is especially high in climate zones with enough rainfall to allow vegetation to flourish, but where there are also long periods of warm weather with little precipitation. Under such conditions plants gradually dry out, becoming highly flammable. This type of climate prevails in California, south-eastern Australia and the M...

Lightning ignition is the major cause of natural wildfires in several regions worldwide. Determining if wildfires in remote uncontrolled areas result from natural lightning as opposed to anthropic action is a relevant and yet-unsolved challenge for large regions of the planet, with scientific and management implications ranging from environmental conservation to mitigation of climate-related emissions of gases and aerosols. Brazil is the country with one of the highest occurrences of lightning (50 to 100 million/year) and which is also subject to numerous and vast wildfires (up to ∼600 × 10 3 km 2/year) affecting all its biomes. To quantify natural fires we combined cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and CG dry-lightning (CGDL) detected by a ground network, with fire pixels mapped by satellite remote sensing (AQUA, S-NPP and NOAA-20) over ∼1,8 × 10 6 km 2 in Central Brazil, between 2015 to 2019. Lightning ignition candidates were selected based on the distance between fires and lightning in time and space. The selected cases were investigated according to annual and monthly distributions in space and time, to local weather at the time of occurrence and, electrical characteristics related to ignition. Space-time distributions of CG lightning, CGDL and of active fires were also analyzed. Results showed that the CGDLs pattern is not different from that of the overall CG lightning, with both presenting similar kernel density, polarity and peak current. The lightning candidates ind...

The environmental impact from enclosure fires is explored in this chapter. Main influencing parameters that are discussed are (i) fire dynamics, (ii) the incident response and the (iii) post-fire remediation activities. In this chapter, the discussion of fire dynamics includes the influence of the enclosure on the fire growth, and the influence of the combustion conditions, compartment size and fire loads on the fully developed fire. Incident response is considered in order to understand the impact of response tactics including time of extinguishment, amount and type of suppressant on the overall environmental impact of the fire, together with other environmental impacts from the fire and rescue service. The third influencing parameter on the environmental impact from enclosure fires, post-fire remediation, deals with the environmental impact from replacement of materials and structures including restoration of the fire site. It is noted that this last factor can be significant and is often overlooked. Finally, the application of life cycle thinking to sprinkler systems in enclosures, and fires including industrial chemicals are discussed briefly in this chapter. • Meacham B, Poole B, Echeverria J, Cheng R (2012) Fire safety challenges of green buildings. Final Report. Fire Research. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Online. • Olsson N, Göras T (2018) Hållbart Brandskydd – En handbok om hållbara brandskyddsutformningar (Sustainable fire protection – A handbook about...

Lightning ignition is the major cause of natural wildfires in several regions worldwide. Determining if wildfires in remote uncontrolled areas result from natural lightning as opposed to anthropic action is a relevant and yet-unsolved challenge for large regions of the planet, with scientific and management implications ranging from environmental conservation to mitigation of climate-related emissions of gases and aerosols. Brazil is the country with one of the highest occurrences of lightning (50 to 100 million/year) and which is also subject to numerous and vast wildfires (up to ∼600 × 10 3 km 2/year) affecting all its biomes. To quantify natural fires we combined cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and CG dry-lightning (CGDL) detected by a ground network, with fire pixels mapped by satellite remote sensing (AQUA, S-NPP and NOAA-20) over ∼1,8 × 10 6 km 2 in Central Brazil, between 2015 to 2019. Lightning ignition candidates were selected based on the distance between fires and lightning in time and space. The selected cases were investigated according to annual and monthly distributions in space and time, to local weather at the time of occurrence and, electrical characteristics related to ignition. Space-time distributions of CG lightning, CGDL and of active fires were also analyzed. Results showed that the CGDLs pattern is not different from that of the overall CG lightning, with both presenting similar kernel density, polarity and peak current. The lightning candidates ind...

The environmental impact from enclosure fires is explored in this chapter. Main influencing parameters that are discussed are (i) fire dynamics, (ii) the incident response and the (iii) post-fire remediation activities. In this chapter, the discussion of fire dynamics includes the influence of the enclosure on the fire growth, and the influence of the combustion conditions, compartment size and fire loads on the fully developed fire. Incident response is considered in order to understand the impact of response tactics including time of extinguishment, amount and type of suppressant on the overall environmental impact of the fire, together with other environmental impacts from the fire and rescue service. The third influencing parameter on the environmental impact from enclosure fires, post-fire remediation, deals with the environmental impact from replacement of materials and structures including restoration of the fire site. It is noted that this last factor can be significant and is often overlooked. Finally, the application of life cycle thinking to sprinkler systems in enclosures, and fires including industrial chemicals are discussed briefly in this chapter. • Meacham B, Poole B, Echeverria J, Cheng R (2012) Fire safety challenges of green buildings. Final Report. Fire Research. The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Online. • Olsson N, Göras T (2018) Hållbart Brandskydd – En handbok om hållbara brandskyddsutformningar (Sustainable fire protection – A handbook about...

The term wildfire refers to any conflagration that starts in a rural, sparsely populated or largely undeveloped area. In many parts of the world, wildfires form part of the ecosystem and often burn at a safe distance from areas of human settlement. Under dry conditions and when fanned by strong winds, however, fires can spread into heavily populated districts, causing major damage to property. Buildings may be set alight by radiant heat, contact with the flames, or flying embers. The flames themselves are not the only thing that leads to a loss. Smoke can also cause property damage, and indirect losses can result from business interruption. The wildfire hazard is the result of a complex interaction of highly disparate factors. Wildfire is the only natural hazard that is directly influenced by human behaviour. This is because the majority of fires close to populated areas are the direct or indirect result of human activity, including carelessness and arson. Efforts are made to prevent major fires through rapid fire suppression and the adoption of preventive measures. In sparsely populated regions, most fires are the result of lightning strikes. The hazard is especially high in climate zones with enough rainfall to allow vegetation to flourish, but where there are also long periods of warm weather with little precipitation. Under such conditions plants gradually dry out, becoming highly flammable. This type of climate prevails in California, south-eastern Australia and the M...