Indus valley

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Indus River, Sindhu, Sindhi Sindhu or Mehran, great trans- bce, mention the river, which is the source of the country’s name. Physical features The river rises in the southwestern The Shigar River joins the Indus on the right bank near Skardu in Astor River, running off the eastern slope of Nanga Parbat, joins as a left-bank tributary. The Indus then flows west and turns south and southwest to enter Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in the process skirting around the northern and western sides of the Nanga Parbat massif (26,660 feet [8,126 metres]) in After emerging from this highland region, the Indus flows as a rapid mountain stream between the Water and its Varying Forms The Indus receives its most-notable tributaries from the eastern Punjab Plain. These five rivers—the After receiving the waters of the Punjab rivers, the Indus becomes much larger, and during the flood season (July to September) it is several miles wide. It flows through the

The religion and belief system of the Early and influential work in the area that set the trend for Hindu interpretations of archaeological evidence from the Harappan sites was that of In contrast to contemporary Contemporary scholars (most significantly others remain ambivalent about these results. Background [ ] Main article: The Indus Valley civilisation was a In these other civilizations, large temples were a central key element of cities, and religious imagery abounded. Once the scripts had been deciphered, the names of deities and the characteristics attributed to them became fairly clear. None of this is the case for the IVC. Seals [ ] The imagery on the great majority of Pashupati seal [ ] Another seal from Mohenjo-daro (Find no. 420, now Islamabad Museum, 50.295), also called the "sacrifice" seal, of a type with a few examples found, is generally agreed to show a religious ritual of some kind, though readings of the imagery and interpretations of the scene vary considerably. In a lower tier, seven more or less identical figures, shown in a line in right-facing profile (on the seal, so left-facing on impressions), wear plumed headdresses, bangles, and dresses falling to around knee-level. What seems to be their hair is tied in a braid and comes down to waist level. Their gender is unclear, though they are often thought to be female. Groups of seven figures are seen in other pieces, Swastika seals [ ] Main article: The swastika is a symbol sacred to multiple IVC Swa...

The Indus civilization developed in the 3rd millennium BCE, making it one of the earliest of the world’s civilizations, and it lasted into the 2nd millennium BCE. Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known bce, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd bce. Among the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are those of The recovery and study of the Indus civilization The Indus civilization is known to have consisted of two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. The two cities were each perhaps originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) square in overall dimensions, and their outstanding magnitude suggests political centralization, either in two large states or in a single great empire with Society and political system Despite a growing body of archaeological evidence, the social and political structures of the Indus “state” remain objects of conjecture. The apparent craft specialization and localized craft groupings at Mohenjo-daro, along with the great divergence in house types and size, point toward some degree of social stratification. Trade was

• The Indus River Valley Civilization, 3300-1300 BCE, also known as the Harappan Civilization, extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. • Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. • Little is understood about the Indus script, and as a result, little is known about the Indus River Valley Civilization’s institutions and systems of governance. • The civilization likely ended due to climate change and migration. As they continued to work, some of the laborers discovered many fire-baked bricks lodged in the dry terrain. There were hundreds of thousands of fairly uniform bricks, which seemed to be quite old. Nonetheless, the workers used some of them to construct the road bed, unaware that they were using ancient artifacts. They soon found among the bricks stone artifacts made of soapstone, featuring intricate artistic markings. Though they did not know it then, and though the first major excavations did not take place until the 1920s, these railway workers had happened upon the remnants of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated, in what was then the Punjab province of British India and is now in Pakistan. Initially, many archaeologists thought they had found ruins of the ancient Maurya Empire, a large empire which dominated ancient India between ...

The Indus Valley civilization covered most of what is today Pakistan and the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab. Settlements which were closely related to the core civilization – and may have been colonies of it – have been found in Afghanistan and central Asia. The huge Indus river system waters a rich agricultural landscape. The Indus plain is surrounded by high mountains, desert and ocean, and at that time there were dense forests and swamps to the east. Prior to 6500 BCE, the Indian sub-continent was home to hunter-gatherers (as in the rest of the world, bas some regions in the Middle East, where farming had been spreading since 8000 BCE). The earliest remains of Neolithic communities have been found in western Pakistan. This is the closest area in South Asia to the Middle East; this, along with the fact that their staple crops, wheat and barley, were those grown to the west, makes it a natural inference that farming peoples arrived here from outside the region, ultimately from the Middle East. There are some contrary indications to this idea, however. There is evidence for continuity from earlier, hunter-gatherer times in the style of stone tools found; and the type of cattle here were smaller than those found in the Middle East, suggesting that local In any event, small farming and pastoral villages spread across the northwest of the subcontinent. The earliest of these had no pottery (to use the jargon, theirs was an a-ceramic culture); but by c...

Why subscribe? • The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe • Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5' • Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews • Issues delivered straight to your door or device The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in human history. It arose on the Indian subcontinent nearly 5,000 years ago — roughly the same time as the emergence of ancient Egypt and nearly 1,000 years after the earliest Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley Civilization, in its mature phase, thrived for about 700 years, from around 2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C. "The Indus Valley Civilization, also called the Saraswati or Harappan civilization, is one of the 'pristine' civilizations on our planet," William Belcher, an anthropologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, told Live Science. A pristine civilization is one that arose indigenously or independently of other civilizations. More specifically, it is one that developed on its own, without conquest, and without the benefit of cultural exchange or immigration with another established society. Generally, the six pristine civilizations recognized by archaeologists and historians are in the following areas: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Mesoamerica (which includes parts of Mexico and Central America), the Andean region and the Indus Valley. These civilizations arose at different times — the ...

YouTube Follow us on YouTube! • Pre-Harappan – c. 7000 - c. 5500 BCE • Early Harappan – c. 5500 - 2800 BCE • Mature Harappan – c. 2800 - c. 1900 BCE • Late Harappan – c. 1900 - c. 1500 BCE • Post Harappan – c. 1500 - c. 600 BCE The Indus Valley Civilization is now often compared with the far more famous cultures of The total population of the civilization is thought to have been upward of 5 million, & its territory stretched over 900 miles (1,500 km) along the Indus River. The two best-known excavated Between c. 1900 - c. 1500 BCE, the civilization began to decline for unknown reasons. In the early 20th century CE, this was thought to have been caused by an invasion of light-skinned peoples from the north known as Discovery & Early Excavation The symbols and inscriptions on the artifacts of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, which have been interpreted by some scholars as a writing system, remain undeciphered and so archaeologists generally avoid defining an origin for the culture as any attempt would be speculative. All that can be known of the civilization to date comes from the physical evidence excavated at various sites. The story of the Indus Valley Civilization, therefore, is best given with the discovery of its ruins in the 19th century CE. James Lewis (better known as Charles Masson, l. 1800-1853 CE) was a British soldier serving in the artillery of the Avantiputra7 (CC BY-SA) When Masson returned to Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanis...

• There were more than 1,400 towns and cities in the Indus Valley. • The biggest were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro . Around 80,000 people lived in these cities. • The names Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were given to the cities in later times. • We do not know what the Indus people called their cities, because nobody has been able to translate their ancient language. Narrator: Hello, future people of the UK. I’d like to show you what it’s like to live in the ancient Indus Valley, one of the earliest civilisations, so we’re a long way back in time. Back before the Vikings… before the Romans and keep going back, back, back until Stonehenge is being built 4,500 years ago. Head south-east over Europe and you’ll see us, just before India. You can’t miss us – we’re about four times the size of Britain! Aha, you made it! Hi, I’m Suri. I can’t wait to show you around our village. We’re farmers, by the way, and like all Indus people, we survive from what we can sell. So today Mum has made a special trip to sell our grain in the big city. Hang on! But she won’t sell anything without these! These are Mum’s seals – I’ll explain later, but they’re really important. So I need to get them to her pronto. Never mind the village – you’re getting the city tour instead. Don’t be intimidated by the walls – they’re not to keep invaders out, they’re to keep water out. We’re called Indus Valley people because we live – surprise, surprise – in the valley river. It brings all sorts of benefits, like farming...

The Indus civilization developed in the 3rd millennium BCE, making it one of the earliest of the world’s civilizations, and it lasted into the 2nd millennium BCE. Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization, the earliest known bce, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd bce. Among the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are those of The recovery and study of the Indus civilization The Indus civilization is known to have consisted of two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and more than 100 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. The two cities were each perhaps originally about 1 mile (1.6 km) square in overall dimensions, and their outstanding magnitude suggests political centralization, either in two large states or in a single great empire with Society and political system Despite a growing body of archaeological evidence, the social and political structures of the Indus “state” remain objects of conjecture. The apparent craft specialization and localized craft groupings at Mohenjo-daro, along with the great divergence in house types and size, point toward some degree of social stratification. Trade was