Mental retardation meaning

This study shows the impacts of behavioral procedures established to decrease hitting, spitting, and cursing displayed in school by a 10 year-old girl with profound mental retardation. A procedure involving ignoring of cursing, verbal praise for positive behaviors, and passive restraint for hitting or spitting appeared to be associated with decreases in hitting, and decreases in cursing (following an initial increase). Recent reports as well as the author's own investigations negate the previous assumptions that indicate that children with Down syndrome usually have severe or profound mental retardation. Contemporary studies have found that the majority of children with Down syndrome have mild to moderate mental retardation....

• Dictionary • A • B • C • D • E • F • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • R • S • T • U • W • Y • Z • Health Topics • ADHD • Anxiety Disorders • Bipolar Disorder • Breast Cancer • Depression • Diabetes • Dissociative Disorders • Epilepsy • Insomnia • Neurology • Oncology • PCP • Pediatrics • Personality Disorders • Primary Care • Schizophrenia • Sleepdisorders • Substance Abuse Disorders Mental retardation is not a single disorder, syndrome, or clinical entity. Rather, it is a symptom associated with a large number of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the organism. Older etiological (causal) classifications have proved to be too crude for present-day use. One of these is the division into primary or endogenous cases, which are presumably due to heredity; and secondary, or exogenous, resulting from known brain disease or injury. Another is the division into causes acting before birth (infections such as German measles, endocrine or nutritional disorder, injury, radiation, oxygen deficiency, toxic conditions, or faulty heredity); causes acting at birth (birth injury, asphyxiation, prematurity); and causes acting after birth (encephalitis, meningitis, head injury, toxic conditions, vitamin deficiency). These divisions are now being superseded by the recent American Association on Mental Deficiency classification, which divides the one hundred or more specific causal factors into eight descriptive categories.(1)

Mental retardation is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. It is defined as an intellectual functioning level (as measured by standard tests for intelligence quotient) that is well below average and significant limitations in daily living skills (adaptive functioning). Description Mental retardation occurs in 2.5-3% of the general population. About 6-7.5 million mentally retarded individuals live in the United States alone. Mental retardation begins in childhood or adolescence before the age of 18. In most cases, it persists throughout adulthood. A diagnosis of mental retardation is made if an individual has an intellectual functioning level well below average and significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas. Intellectual functioning level is defined by standardized tests that measure the ability to reason in terms of mental age (intelligence quotient or IQ). Mental retardation is defined as IQ score below 70-75. Adaptive skills are the skills needed for daily life. Such skills include the ability to produce and understand language (communication); home-living skills; use of community resources; health, safety, leisure, self-care, and social skills; self-direction; functional academic skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic); and work skills. In general, mentally retarded children reach developmental milestones such as walking and talking much later than the general population. Symptoms of mental retardation may app...

Note: The use of intellectually disabled is now preferred over mentally retarded in medical, educational, and regulatory contexts, as well as in general use. The term mentally retarded is increasingly considered offensive, though it was the dominant term into the second decade of the current century. now often offensive : affected by : intellectually disabled Note: The use of intellectually disabled is now preferred over mentally retarded in medical, educational, and regulatory contexts, as well as in general use. The term mentally retarded is increasingly considered offensive, though it was the dominant term into the second decade of the current century.

Mental Retardation Mental handicap is more complex enterprise. Some children can go through life but others need help depending upon their disability. Institutionalization and special schooling are required for a number of mentally handicapped children. Mental retardation has a new name “Intellectual disability” or “Intellectual Developmental Disorder or General Learning Disability”. Meaning Retarded is derived from Latin Word “Retardare” = which means to make slow, keep back, or hinder. Definition of Mental Retardation: "Mental retardation is a generalized neuro developmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning” –American Association on mental deficiency (1983). Causes for Mental Retardation · Genetic Causes: Abnormal genes form parents (chromosomal abnormalities) · Metabolic: Phenylketonuria, Wilson’s disease and Galactosomia · Cranial malformations: Microcephaly and hydrocephaly · Prenatal: Infection Eg. Rubella · Intranatal: Birth asphyxia · Postnatal: Infections, Accidents, Lead poisoning · Environmental And Socio – Cultural Causes: Low socio economic status, cultural deprivations. Classification of Intellectual Disability IQ Calculation (Interlligent Quotient) IQ = Mental Age (MA)/ Chronological Age (CA) × 100 For example: If 8 year old child has 4 year of mental age , it would be considered as 4 years of mental age. Calculate as follow: IQ =4/8 × 100=50 (Mental age is calculated by psych...