Mention various energy losses in a transformer

Although • Resistance of windings– the low resistance copper wire used for the windings still has resistance and thereby contribute to heat loss • Flux leakage– the flux produced by the primary coil may not be all linked to the secondary coil if the design of the core is bad. • Eddy currents– the changing magnetic field not only induces currents in the secondary coil but also currents in the iron core itself. These currents flow in little circles in the iron core and are called eddy currents. The eddy currents cause heat loss. The heat loss, however, can be reduced by having the core laminated.(thin sheets of soft iron insulated from one another). (See image below) • Hysteresis– The msgnetization of the core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating magnetic field. The repeating core magnetization process expends energy and this energy appears as heat. The heat generated can be kept to a minimum by using a magnetic material which has a low hysteresis loss. Hence, soft iron is often chosen for the core material because the magnetic domains within it changes rapidly with low energy loss. Lamination of iron core: As stated above, eddy currents generate resistive losses in the form of heat (Joule heating). This effect reduces the efficiency of iron-core transformers. (or any other devices which uses changing magnetic fields) Lamination (using thin sheets of magnetic material) is a way to counter the effect. In the image above, eddy current can circulate on wide arcs within a n...

Energy losses in the transformer: Flux leakage, due to poor design of the core and air gaps in the core Resistance of the windings, which leads to loss of energy due to heat produced Eddy currents, due to alternating magnetic flux in the iron core, which leads to loss due to heating Hysterisis, frequent and periodic magnetization and demagnetization of the core, leadingto loss of energy due to heat

The energy losses in a transformer core. Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are known as core loss or Iron loss. When transformer ccore is magnetized and demagnetized repeatedly by the alternating voltage applied across primary coil, hysteresis takes place due to which some energy is lost in the form of heat. Hysteresis loss is minimized by using steel of high silicon content in making transformer core. Alternating magnetic flux in the core induces eddy current in it. Hence, there is energy loss due to the flow of eddy current, called eddy current loss which is minimized by using very thin laminations of transformer core. Copper loss: Transformer winding have electrical resistance. When an electric current flows through them, some amount of energy is dissipated due to joule heating. This energy loss is called copper loss that is minimized by using wires of larger diameter. Flux leakage: It happens when the magnetic lines of primary coil are not completely linked with secondary coil .Energy loss due to this flux leakage is minimized by winding coils one over the other.

1 ) Hysteresis Loss: The repeated magnetisation and demagnetisation of the iron core caused by the alternating input current, produces loss in energy called hysteresis loss. This loss can be minimised by using a core with a material having the least hysteresis loss. Alloys like Mu-metal and silicon steel are used to reduce hysteresis loss. 2 ) Copper loss: The current flowing through the primary and secondary windings lead to Joule heating effect. Hence some energy is lost in the form of heat. Thick wires with considerably low resistance are used to minimise this loss. 3 ) Eddy current loss(Iron loss): The varying magnetic flux produces eddy current in the core. This leads to the wastage of energy in the form of heat. This loss is minimised by using a laminated core made of stelloy, an alloy of steel. 4 ) Flux Loss: The flux produced in the primary coil is not completely linked with the secondary coil due to leakage. This results in the loss of energy. This loss can be minimised by using a shell type core. In addition to the above losses, due to the vibration of the core, sound is produced, which causes a loss in the energy.