Monoclonal antibody production

Overview of the benefits and limitations of monoclonal, polyclonal, and recombinant monoclonal antibodies and how they are produced. Updated May 10, 2022 Polyclonal antibody production Polyclonal antibodies represent a heterogeneous mix of antibodies, with each antibody recognizing different epitopes of a particular antigen. Polyclonal antibody production typically starts with immunizing an animal with the target antigen to stimulate an immune response, involving the production of antigen-specific antibodies by the animal's B cells (Fig. 1). Immunizations of the same antigen are repeated at intervals of several weeks to increase the number and affinity of antigen-specific antibodies within the animal. The resulting immune-sera (a blood portion containing the antibodies) can be used in its crude form, or the antibodies can be isolated by affinity purification. Polyclonal antibodies consist of a mixture of antibodies representing the natural immune response to an antigen. So, they can produce a strong signal against the target antigen in their relevant application and are not biased against a single epitope. However, the disadvantages to their use are that they are limited in supply, and batch-to-batch variation is higher than with monoclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies can also exhibit cross-reactivity and lack of specificity because of a higher risk of binding to other proteins with similar sequences. These issues are often addressed by cross-adsorbing (ie, further p...

Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Antibodies are glycoprotein structures with immune activity. They are able to identify or induce a neutralizing immune response when they identify foreign bodies such as bacteria, viruses, or tumor cells. Immunoglobulins are produced and secreted by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of antigens. The first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged from a survey of hybridomas, and nowadays mAbs are produced mostly from cultivations of these cells. Additionally, there are studies and patents using a range of cells and mic...

Monoclonal Antibodies are the A technique to produce monoclonal antibodies was devised by Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein in 1975. The method relies on fusing hybridomas; each hybridoma makes only one Immunoglobulin, derived from one B cell from the immunized animal. The antibodies secreted by many hybridoma clones are screened for binding to the antigen of interest, and this single clone with the desired specificity is selected and expanded. The products of these individual clones are monoclonal antibodies, each specific for a single epitope on the antigen used to immunize the animal and to identify the immortalized antibody-secreting clones. What are Monoclonal Antibodies? • The body naturally produces antibodies, which are elements of the immune system produced by B-lymphocytes, that bind to foreign proteins in the body known as antigens, which the aim of eliminating them. • They naturally circulate in the body searching for foreign bodies (antigens) and once they attach to the antigen, they destroy the antigen using various immune mechanisms. • On the other hand, monoclonal antibodies are proteins prepared in the laboratory to target specific antigens on body cells such as receptors and other foreign proteins on the surface of normal and cancer cells in the body. • So what are monoclonal antibodies? Monoclonal antibodies are artificial antibodies that are produced from a single clone of cells by fusing B-lymphocytes to myeloma cells. The fusion of B-lymphocytes with ...

Monoclonal Antibody Production In mAbs production, the protein glycosylation process is a post-translation modification process that affects product potency and efficacy. From: Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2022 Related terms: • Energy Engineering • Polysaccharides • Bioreactor • Depth Filter • Cell Fusion • Free Cell • Immobilisation • Multistage 14th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering Ou Yang, Marianthi Ierapetritou, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2022 3.1Background In mAbs production, the protein glycosylation process is a post-translation modification process that affects product potency and efficacy. Operating conditions such as temperature, pH, and metabolites concentrations all affect glycosylation. To understand the effect of temperature on the glycosylation process, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cell is first cultured under 37 °C and switched to 35 °C, 37 °C and 39 °C on day 4. Different metabolite concentrations, protein titer and glycan fractions are measured at different time points and used to train a mechanistic model. Read more In monoclonal antibody production, the capture step is a very capital intensive operation due to high cost of Protein A resin. Alternative nonaffinity separation technologies like aqueous two-phase extraction [ 25] or traditional ion-exchange chromatography can be used [ 26] but have largely not been able to outperform the extremely high selectivity of a Protein A separation and the convenience and...