Montreal protocol upsc

• Courses • • GS Classes • • • • • • • • • • • • Optional Classes • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GS Test Series • • • New • • • • • • Optional Test Series • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • New • Study Material • • • • Free Resources • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Current Affairs • • • New • • • • New • • • • Topper's Corner • • • • About • • • • • • Year 2019 celebrates over three decades of remarkable international cooperation to protect the ozone layer and the climate under the Montreal Protocol. Issue Context Year 2019 celebrates over three decades of remarkable international cooperation to protect the ozone layer and the climate under the Montreal Protocol. Background: What is Montreal Protocol? • The Montreal Protocol is an international environmental agreement with universal ratification which was adopted in 1987 to protect the earth’s ozone layer by eliminating use of ozone depleting substances (ODS). Why has the Montreal Protocol been so successful compared to other efforts at international cooperation? • Comprehensive negotiations: From the start, negotiation relied heavily on leadership and innovative approaches. Much negotiation was held in small, informal groups. This enabled a genuine exchange of views and the opportunity to take some issues on trust, such as the subsequent development of theMultilateral Fund. The people negotiating the treaty also included scientists, which lent credibility. • Universal consensus: The Montreal Protocol is the only universal U...

Also read | How is the ozone-depleting potential measured under this protocol? The ozone-depleting potential, or ODP, of any substance, is measured concerning an equal mass of CCl3F, or CFC-11, which is assigned a value of 1.0. Most other CFCs have ODPs that range from about 0.5 to about 1.3. It is essential to know that hydrochlorofluorocarbons, which are being used as transitional replacements for CFCs in refrigeration, have ODPs that are generally less than 0.5. Also, hydrofluorocarbons, which are also replacing CFCs as refrigerants, have ODPs of zero. The concern is that they are greenhouse gases.

Montreal Protocol, formally Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, international In the early 1970s, American chemists Nature in 1974, initiated a federal investigation of the problem in the Further validation of their work came in 1985 with the discovery of a “hole” in the ozone shield over Antarctica by the British Antarctic Survey and the publication of its findings in Nature. Shortly before these findings were to appear, representatives from 28 countries met to discuss the issue at the ozone-depleting chemicals (ODCs) and empowered the The initial agreement was designed to reduce the production and It is important to note that ODC phase-out schedules differ between developed and developing countries. The period for developing countries to come into

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