Nadph

• NADPH oxidases are a family of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS generated by NADPH oxidases have crucial roles in various physiological processes, including innate immunity and modulation of redox-dependent signalling cascades. • Excessive ROS production by an overactive NADPH oxidase system in cells of the artery wall may set in motion a vicious cycle of radical and non-radical oxidant generation in various cellular compartments, which disrupts redox circuits. This can lead to the initiation and progression of vascular disease that may ultimately lead to heart attacks and strokes. • Blocking excessive ROS production by blocking NADPH oxidases is likely to be a far superior approach for preventing the progression of vascular disease than using antioxidant drugs, which scavenge ROS. • This Review first provides an overview of the mechanisms by which ROS can cause vascular disease and the possible reasons why previous attempts to eliminate these species with antioxidants failed. We summarize the evidence that NADPH oxidases are key generators of ROS — in the blood vessel wall and other tissues — during cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on the NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX2 oxidase isoforms. • We also describe some common and emerging putative NADPH oxidase inhibitors. • In addition, we highlight the crucial role of the NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit, p47phox, in the activity of vascular NOX1 and NOX2 oxidases, and suggest how a...

All cells require an energy source for completing the basic metabolic functions of an organism. Electron donors are essential for providing the protons () needed for a variety of these biochemical reactions, including the formation of DNA, lipid synthesis, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, represents one of the most important electron donors found in all living organisms. 3D structure of NADPH NADP+ In this lesson, we'll follow the interactions of two molecules which we'll call Nick and Atty. First, let's learn about Nick. You may know Nick by many other names like Nicotinic acid, niacin or vitamin B3. Vitamin B3 is niacin. Nick's main role in the body is to produce the twins NADPH and NADH, and without Nick you could end up with pellagra (rash, diarrhea, dementia - a very nasty business). When Nick hangs around with the amides, Nick is more often known as nicotinamide. When Nick visits cells after being absorbed into them by the stomach, he likes to borrow a ribose and phosphate from phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, more often called by the acronym PRPP. When Nick does that he's called nicotinate ribonucleotide. This is because with a ribose sugar and phosphate group Nick became a nucleotide, since a nucleotide is a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. It was as nicotinate ribonucleotide that Nick met Atty. Atty is just what friends call her. You'll probably know Atty better as ATP or adenosine triphosphate. ATP is a v...

The phosphate group in NADPH doesn't affect the redox abilities of the molecule, it is too far away from the part of the molecule involved in the electron transfer. What the phosphate group does is to allow enzymes to discriminate between NADH and NADPH, which allows the cell to regulate both independently. The ratio of NAD + to NADH inside the cell is high, while the ratio of NADP + to NADPH is kept low. The role of NADPH is mostly anabolic reactions, where NADPH is needed as a reducing agent, the role of NADH is mostly in catabolic reactions, where NAD + is needed as a oxidizing agent. You'll find some more information about this in $\begingroup$ I personally do not think Alberts et al is a very good reference for this as they do not mention a single anabolic reaction. The supplementary answer by @user9778 does this, and I would suggest the student consult a textbook of biochemistry to find out about biochemistry, not one about cell biology (or biology or molecular biology). $\endgroup$ Just to clear out some things: As stateted above, NADH is produced in catabolic reactions and is later used in the electron transport chain to obtain energy by converting NADH back to NAD+. NADPH is primarily produced in the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH is used in a) anabolic syntheses to produce cholesterol, fatty acids, transmittor substances and nucleotides. b) detoxifying processes as an antioxidant. NADPH is for example an essential part of CYP450 in the liv...

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. • Review Article • • 07 October 2020 NADPH homeostasis in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-5465 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-3138 • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9771-8534 Show authors Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy volume 5, Article number: 231 ( 2020) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an essential electron donor in all organisms, and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH homeostasis is regulated by varied signaling pathways and several metabolic enzymes that undergo adaptive alteration in cancer cells. The metabolic reprogramming of NADPH renders cancer cells both highly dependent on this metabolic network for antioxidant capacity and more susceptible to oxidative stress. Modulating the unique NADPH homeostasis of cancer cells might be an effective strategy to eliminate these cells. In this review, we summarize the current existing literatures on NADPH homeostasis, including its biological functions, regulatory mechanisms and the corresponding therapeutic interventions in human cancers, providing insights i...

• NADPH oxidases are a family of enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS generated by NADPH oxidases have crucial roles in various physiological processes, including innate immunity and modulation of redox-dependent signalling cascades. • Excessive ROS production by an overactive NADPH oxidase system in cells of the artery wall may set in motion a vicious cycle of radical and non-radical oxidant generation in various cellular compartments, which disrupts redox circuits. This can lead to the initiation and progression of vascular disease that may ultimately lead to heart attacks and strokes. • Blocking excessive ROS production by blocking NADPH oxidases is likely to be a far superior approach for preventing the progression of vascular disease than using antioxidant drugs, which scavenge ROS. • This Review first provides an overview of the mechanisms by which ROS can cause vascular disease and the possible reasons why previous attempts to eliminate these species with antioxidants failed. We summarize the evidence that NADPH oxidases are key generators of ROS — in the blood vessel wall and other tissues — during cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on the NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and NOX2 oxidase isoforms. • We also describe some common and emerging putative NADPH oxidase inhibitors. • In addition, we highlight the crucial role of the NADPH oxidase regulatory subunit, p47phox, in the activity of vascular NOX1 and NOX2 oxidases, and suggest how a...

The phosphate group in NADPH doesn't affect the redox abilities of the molecule, it is too far away from the part of the molecule involved in the electron transfer. What the phosphate group does is to allow enzymes to discriminate between NADH and NADPH, which allows the cell to regulate both independently. The ratio of NAD + to NADH inside the cell is high, while the ratio of NADP + to NADPH is kept low. The role of NADPH is mostly anabolic reactions, where NADPH is needed as a reducing agent, the role of NADH is mostly in catabolic reactions, where NAD + is needed as a oxidizing agent. You'll find some more information about this in $\begingroup$ I personally do not think Alberts et al is a very good reference for this as they do not mention a single anabolic reaction. The supplementary answer by @user9778 does this, and I would suggest the student consult a textbook of biochemistry to find out about biochemistry, not one about cell biology (or biology or molecular biology). $\endgroup$ Just to clear out some things: As stateted above, NADH is produced in catabolic reactions and is later used in the electron transport chain to obtain energy by converting NADH back to NAD+. NADPH is primarily produced in the oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway. NADPH is used in a) anabolic syntheses to produce cholesterol, fatty acids, transmittor substances and nucleotides. b) detoxifying processes as an antioxidant. NADPH is for example an essential part of CYP450 in the liv...

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