Name the direct sources of information about the interior of the earth

The earthquake waves affect the rock mass through which they travel. Propagation of earthquake waves is not similar. (i)P waves exert pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation. Consequently, it creates density differences in the material. Other waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation. (ii)The direction of vibration of S wave is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. They create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. (iii)The surface waves or L-waves are the most dangerous waves and vibrate in perpendicular direction to the surface in horizontal plane. This causes displacements of the rock mass and collapse of structures. Body waves are earthquake waves which are generated due to the release of energy at the focus. They radiate and move in all directions from the point of hypocentre or the ‘focus’ and travel through the body of the earth. Hence the name body waves. There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves

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Some of the direct sources are: • Mining: It is a process by which commercially variable valuable mineral resources are extracted from Earth’s surface which includes precious stones, rocks and solid fuels. • Drilling: Scientists world over are working on two major projects such as “Deep Ocean Drilling Projects” and “Integrated Ocean Drilling Project”. The deepest drill at Kola, in Arctic Ocean, has so far reached a depth of 12 km. • Volcanic Eruptions: When molten material is thrown onto the surfaced earth during volcanic eruption it becomes available for analysis.

Importance of understanding the Interior of The Earth Understanding the structure of the earth’s interior ( • the evolution of the earth’s surface, its current shape and its future. • the geophysical phenomenon like volcanism, earthquakes, etc. • • the internal structure of various solar system objects • the evolution and present composition of the atmosphere • for mineral exploration Watch video for better and quick understanding Earth’s surface • Many different geological processes shape the Earth’s surface. • The forces that cause these processes come from both above and beneath the Earth’s surface. • Processes that are caused by forces from within the Earth are endogenous processes (Endo meaning “in”). • By contrast, exogenous processes (Exo meaning “out”) come from forces on or above the Earth’s surface. • The major geological features of the earth’s surface like mountains, plateaus, lakes are mostly a result of endogenous processes like folding, faulting that are driven by forces from inside the earth. Geophysical phenomenon like volcanism, earthquakes • The forces that cause catastrophic events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions come from deep below the earth’s surface. • For example, earthquakes occur due to the movement of the tectonic plates and the energy required for this movement is supplied by the conventional currents in the • Similarly, volcanism occurs through the vents and fissures created by the tectonic movements. Earth’s magnetic field • convection c...

The sources which provide knowledge about the interior of the earth may be classified into 2 sources: Direct Sources of Earth’s Interior: • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. By observing these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. Through observation these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. By observing of these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • Deep Ocean Drilling Project • Integrated Ocean Drilling Project • Mining Projects & Drilling Projects: Many materials could be sourced for analysis from Mining and Drilling areas. These materials reveal the nature of material available at a certain depth. From mining, it is easy to deduce that pressure and temperature increase from the surface towards the interior deeper depth. Indirect Sources of Earth’s Interior: • Seismic activities: It provides information what’s the state of the interior of the earth. It’s solid, liquid, or in gaseous form. The technology reveales that the mantle is liquid, the outer core is liquid but the inner core is solid. • Meteorites : Meteorites are not from the interior of the earth; so, they has an indirect source to acquire the interior of the earth because scientis...

Importance of understanding the Interior of The Earth Understanding the structure of the earth’s interior ( • the evolution of the earth’s surface, its current shape and its future. • the geophysical phenomenon like volcanism, earthquakes, etc. • • the internal structure of various solar system objects • the evolution and present composition of the atmosphere • for mineral exploration Watch video for better and quick understanding Earth’s surface • Many different geological processes shape the Earth’s surface. • The forces that cause these processes come from both above and beneath the Earth’s surface. • Processes that are caused by forces from within the Earth are endogenous processes (Endo meaning “in”). • By contrast, exogenous processes (Exo meaning “out”) come from forces on or above the Earth’s surface. • The major geological features of the earth’s surface like mountains, plateaus, lakes are mostly a result of endogenous processes like folding, faulting that are driven by forces from inside the earth. Geophysical phenomenon like volcanism, earthquakes • The forces that cause catastrophic events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions come from deep below the earth’s surface. • For example, earthquakes occur due to the movement of the tectonic plates and the energy required for this movement is supplied by the conventional currents in the • Similarly, volcanism occurs through the vents and fissures created by the tectonic movements. Earth’s magnetic field • convection c...

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The earthquake waves affect the rock mass through which they travel. Propagation of earthquake waves is not similar. (i)P waves exert pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation. Consequently, it creates density differences in the material. Other waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation. (ii)The direction of vibration of S wave is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. They create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass. (iii)The surface waves or L-waves are the most dangerous waves and vibrate in perpendicular direction to the surface in horizontal plane. This causes displacements of the rock mass and collapse of structures. Body waves are earthquake waves which are generated due to the release of energy at the focus. They radiate and move in all directions from the point of hypocentre or the ‘focus’ and travel through the body of the earth. Hence the name body waves. There are two types of body waves. They are called P and S-waves

Some of the direct sources are: • Mining: It is a process by which commercially variable valuable mineral resources are extracted from Earth’s surface which includes precious stones, rocks and solid fuels. • Drilling: Scientists world over are working on two major projects such as “Deep Ocean Drilling Projects” and “Integrated Ocean Drilling Project”. The deepest drill at Kola, in Arctic Ocean, has so far reached a depth of 12 km. • Volcanic Eruptions: When molten material is thrown onto the surfaced earth during volcanic eruption it becomes available for analysis.

The sources which provide knowledge about the interior of the earth may be classified into 2 sources: Direct Sources of Earth’s Interior: • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. By observing these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. Through observation these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • Surface rock: Surface rock is readily available at the surface of the earth. By observing of these rocks, we can know the form of material that can be found up to a certain depth. • Deep Ocean Drilling Project • Integrated Ocean Drilling Project • Mining Projects & Drilling Projects: Many materials could be sourced for analysis from Mining and Drilling areas. These materials reveal the nature of material available at a certain depth. From mining, it is easy to deduce that pressure and temperature increase from the surface towards the interior deeper depth. Indirect Sources of Earth’s Interior: • Seismic activities: It provides information what’s the state of the interior of the earth. It’s solid, liquid, or in gaseous form. The technology reveales that the mantle is liquid, the outer core is liquid but the inner core is solid. • Meteorites : Meteorites are not from the interior of the earth; so, they has an indirect source to acquire the interior of the earth because scientis...