Nursing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

Pathophysiology Diabetes Mellitus is when blood glucose (sugar in the blood) is unable to move into the cells and helps in the making of ATP…AKA energy. The body makes insulin to assist with this process. Insulin is a hormone that allows the sugar in the blood to move across the cell wall so the body can use it to produce ATP. There are two types of diabetes. Type I and Type II. Type I is an autoimmune disorder where the cells attack the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Thus, the body is producing very little or no insulin leaving the sugar in the blood and the cells starve. Type II is when the cells don’t respond to the insulin trying to get sugar into them, called insulin resistance. Thus, the sugar stays in the blood and the cells starve. Etiology The cause for Type I diabetes is unknown but hypothesized to be potentially genetic or triggered by a virus. The cause for Type II diabetes is caused by a storm of events culminating such as weight gain, lack of activity, genetics, and stress levels. Desired Outcome Blood sugar control with minimal side effects. Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plan Subjective Data: • Hyperglycemia: BG >180 mg/dL • Polydipsia • Polyphagia • Polyuria • Blurred vision • Dry mouth • Increased tiredness • Leg pain • Nausea/Vomiting Hypoglycemia: <70 mg/dL • Confusion • Weakness • Numbness around the mouth • Nervousness/Anxiety • Hungry • Headaches • Nightmares • Groggy Objective Data: Hyperglycemia: • -Hot and Dry, Sugar High. Hypoglycemia: ...

Table of contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Nursing Care Plans and Management The nursing care plan for gestational Nursing Problem Priorities The following are the nursing priorities for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): • Monitor and manage blood glucose levels. • Provide dietary guidance and develop a personalized meal plan to maintain stable blood sugar levels. • Educate patients on self-monitoring of blood glucose and proper technique for glucose testing. • Collaborate with healthcare professionals to adjust medication, such as insulin, if necessary. • Monitor • Offer support and counseling to address emotional and psychological concerns related to GDM. • Promote physical activity and exercise, as recommended by healthcare providers. • Educate patients on the potential risks of GDM to both the mother and baby. • Schedule regular prenatal visits to monitor maternal and fetal health. Nursing Assessment Assess for the following subjective and objective data: • See nursing Nursing Diagnosis Following a thorough assessment, a Nursing Goals Goals and expected outcomes may include: • Within 4 hours of nursing intervention, the patient will verbalize understanding of the individual treatment regimen and the need for regular glucose self-monitoring. • Within 8 hours of nursing action, the patient will maintain fasting serum blood glucose levels between 60-100 mg/dl and 1-hour postprandial of no higher than 140 mg/dl and will be free of signs and symp...

Table of contents • • • • • • Unstable blood glucose levels There are different kinds of sugars. “Glucose” is what our body utilizes most. Other sugars we eat, like fructose from fruit or lactose from milk, are converted into glucose in our bodies and used for energy. Our bodies also break down starches, which are sugars stuck together, into glucose. Serum glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstreamand is made available for cell absorption via the hormone Hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose levels may occur in a variety of clinical situations. Hypoglycemia, otherwise, occurs most often as the result of excess An important part of managing blood glucose levels, as well as the overall health of a person, is maintaining a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise plan. Common Causes Here are some factors or conditions that may lead put patients at risk for unstable blood glucose: • Lack of knowledge of • Developmental level • Imbalance of activity • Inadequate blood glucose monitoring • Insulin deficiency or excess • Nonadherence to the therapeutic regimen for diabetes Goals and Outcomes The following are the common goals and expected outcomes: • The patient has a blood glucose reading of less than 180 mg/dL; Nursing Assessment and Rationales Assessment is important to identify potential problems that may have led to changes in blood glucose levels as well as handle any conflict that may appear during nursing care. 1. Ass...

Types of Diabetes • Prediabetes. This occurs when the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not as high enough to diagnose as diabetes. People with prediabetes may eventually have type 2 diabetes if the condition is left untreated. • Type 1 Diabetes. Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that results from the antibodies’ attack to the pancreas. When the pancreas is damaged, it cannot make insulin. Type 1 diabetes was used to be called juvenile diabetes, as most cases begin during childhood. • • Despite having a similar name, However, diabetes insipidus involves the inability to retain hormone due to the dysfunction of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. Signs and Symptoms • Polydipsia – Increased / excessive thirst • Polyuria – Frequent urination and increased amount of urine • Polyphagia – Extreme hunger • • Irritability • Blurred vision • Slow-healing wounds or sores • Presence of ketones in the urine • Unexplained weight loss – especially in type 1 diabetes • Tingling and/or numbness of extremities Causes The pancreas is a gland located below the stomach and is responsible for producing and secreting the hormone insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin facilitates the entry of blood glucose into the cells of the body, which results to the lowering of its amount in the bloodstream. Normally, when the blood glucose level goes down, the insulin production is also slowed down in the pancreas. In Type 1 diabetes, the immu...

Type 2 Diabetes Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis and Interventions Type 2 Diabetes NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a malfunction in how the body controls and utilizes blood glucose as an energy source. This health condition is a long-term chronic disorder that causes excess sugar to circulate in the bloodstream. High blood glucose levels will eventually result in cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological system problems. Two connected complications also happen in type 2 diabetes mellitus; the pancreas does not create sufficient insulin, a hormone that modulates the transport of sugar into the body cells, and the cells respond poorly to insulin, allowing the body to consume less sugar. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus currently has no cure, although decreasing weight, eating healthily, and exercising can help a diabetic individual manage the disease. If food and exercise are not enough to keep the blood sugar under control, the patient may need diabetic medication or insulin therapy. Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus can progress slowly. Initially, the symptoms may be mild and easy to ignore. The following are examples of early symptoms: • Polyphagia (persistent hunger) • Polydipsia (extreme thirst) • Polyuria (recurrent urination) • Lack of strength • Lethargy • Hazy vision • Hand or foot pain, tingling, or numbness • Unintentional weight loss • Slow-healing wounds • Infections th...