Osteology

Overview Paleoanthropologists study the fossil record of humans and other bipedal primates to understand how humans evolved. Forensic anthropologists apply their knowledge of anatomy and human osteology to help identify human skeletal remains and work with law enforcement. Career Pathways • Medicine • Dentistry • Allied health professions • Biomedical sciences • Forensics • Graduate study in biological anthropology or allied disciplines • Secondary and higher education Recommended Pathway Courses Internship Opportunities Organization Name Paid or Unpaid Location Application Due Date Varies New York, New York Varies Unspecified Unspecified Unspecified Unpaid San Marcos, Texas March 31, 2023 Unpaid Knoxville, Tennessee Feb. 20, 2023 Unpaid Houston, Texas March 31, 2023 Paid Cleveland, Ohio March 2023 Unspecified Coimbra, Portugal Unspecified Unspecified Albany, New York Unspecified Unpaid Washington, D.C. Unspecified Paid Transylvania, Romania Varies Field Schools Field School Application Due Date April 7, 2023 Rolling acceptance Unspecified Varies Unspecified Unspecified Varies

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Human Bones Quiz Question: Human bone is made of the mineral: Answer: Human bone is made, in part, of calcium, particularly a form called hydroxylapatite. To maintain healthy bones, our diet needs to be rich in calcium. Question: What is the largest joint in the human body? Answer: The biggest joint in the human body is the knee. A joint is a place where bones meet. Question: Where is the tibia found? Answer: The tibia, also called the shin bone, is in the leg. Question: The smallest bone in the human body is the: Answer: The tiny stapes, one of the three little bones called ossicles within the ear canal, is the smallest bone in the human body. Question: How many bones does an adult human have? Answer: An adult human has 206 bones. A newborn has many more, but these fuse together over time. Question: Which of these connects bones? Answer: Ligaments, or tough strands of tissue, connect the bones to each other. Question: What is the most commonly broken bone in the human body? Answer: The clavicle, or collarbone, is comparatively delicate. Athletes, in particular, often suffer from broken clavicles, as do victims of falls. Question: The mandible is located in the: Answer: The mandible is the lower jawbone. It holds the lower teeth in place.

Introduction to Human Osteology Roberta Hall, Oregon State University Kenneth Beals, Oregon State University Holm Neumann Georg Neumann, Indiana University Gwyn Madden, Grand Valley State University Copyright Year: 2010 Publisher: Language: English Formats Available • Conditions of Use CC BY-NC Reviews Reviewed by Jerielle Cartales, NTT Instructor, Western Oregon University on 12/23/21 Comprehensiveness rating: 3 No index at all. A rough glossary is included in each “chapter” but is very brief and scattered throughout the chapter itself. Content Accuracy rating: 4 Appears to be accurate Relevance/Longevity rating: 3 Suture closure is no longer standard practice for age estimation (at least in forensic anthropology). This (portion of the) text requires updating. Clarity rating: 1 No. The sketched images of the skull are barely recognizable (e.g., the lacrimal image page 47 in text) and provide no context, labels, or scale. The hyoid on page 48 is significantly smaller than the vomer on the same page. The second image on page 50 looks more like a braid than what I assume to be an interior view of the occipital bone. Furthermore, images are grouped together and confusingly labeled. For instance, one would reasonably assume that “left anterior and right posterior” (humerus, page 56) would mean the first image was the anterior view of a left humerus and the second was the posterior view of a right humerus. That is not the case. And it will confuse students. Consistency rating: ...

• 1 Anatomical Structure • 1.1 Body • 1.2 Rami • 1.3 Foramina • 2 Muscular Attachments • 3 Articulations • 4 Clinical Relevance: Fractures of the Mandible The mandible, located inferiorly in the facial skeleton, is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It forms the lower jaw and acts as a receptacle for the lower teeth. It also articulates on either side with the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint. In this article, we will look at the anatomy and clinical importance of the mandible. Anatomical Structure The mandible consists of a horizontal body (anteriorly) and two vertical rami (posteriorly). The body and the rami meet on each side at the angle of the mandible. Body The body of the mandible is curved, and shaped much like a horseshoe. It has two borders: • Alveolar border (superior) – contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth. • Base (inferior) – site of attachment for the digastric muscle medially The body is marked in the midline by the mandibular symphysis. This is a small ridge of bone that represents the fusion of the two halves during development. The symphysis encloses a triangular eminence – the mental protuberance, which forms the shape of the chin. Lateral to the mental protuberance is the mental foramen (below the second premolar tooth on either side). It acts as a passageway for neurovascular structures. Rami There are two mandibular rami, which project perpendicularly upwards from the angle of the mandible. Each ramus contains the fol...

Although often thought of as a static support structure, the skeletal system is a dynamic organ with many functions, including giving us our human shape, allowing locomotion and motor function, facilitating respiration, protecting vital organs, producing marrow-derived cells, and playing a crucial role in homeostasis. [ Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodeling in response to the ever-changing environment. [ [ [ The epiphysis is the region at the polar ends of long bones. Most commonly associated with joint surfaces, it usually comprises a thin, compact bone shell with a large amount of bony struts (trabecular bone) for support of the cortical shell. The network of bony struts below the compact shell is ideally suited for its job as a shock absorber. [ An extremely important zone in human development, the epiphyseal plate is responsible for longitudinal growth of the skeleton and therefore one's height and stature. There are many diseases of the epiphyseal plate such as achondroplasia that affect the plate’s ability to grow normally and this can lead to significant change in stature and are often know as the skeletal dysplasias. The epiphyseal plate itself is broken down into distinct zones (see the image below). There is a layer of resting cartilage that is the precursor to the process. Cells are stimulated to replicate in the zone of proliferation, and chondrocytes then hypertrophy in the zone of hypertrophy. They then undergo a proc...