Pokhran

Pokhran-I: India's First Nuclear Bomb Pokhran-I: India's First Nuclear Bomb Mark Donohue March 11, 2014 Submitted as coursework for Fig. 1: Location of the test site for India's first nuclear explosive (Adapted from Introduction The Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor is a nuclear reactor that allows for the use of unenriched uranium as a fuel by using heavy water as a moderator. This lowers the barrier for entry for developing countries that don't have access to enrichment facilities or a supply of enriched uranium fuel. The CANDU reactor and heavy water reactors in general have become a subject of a great deal of controversy, though. Lowering the barrier for entry into nuclear electricity production inherently lowers the barrier for entry into the production of nuclear weapons. Once a reactor goes critical, it can be used to produce plutonium, and in turn, nuclear weapons. In the case of the Canadian-Indian Reactor, U.S. (CIRUS) reactor, a collaborative effort between Canada and the United States to supply nuclear reactor technology to India in the hopes of alleviating the stresses of India's growing energy demand, the worry of nuclear proliferation through this technology was proven justified. In 1974, almost 15 years after the CIRUS reactor went critical, India detonated a nuclear weapon at their Pokhran test site using plutonium that was believed to have been produced by the CIRUS reactor. This demonstration appeared in direct conflict with the agreement made pri...

Lalit Mansingh was secretary (west) in the external affairs ministry in May 1998 when India conducted five nuclear tests on May 11 and 13, 1998, at the Pokhran range in Rajasthan. The then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the underground nuclear explosion test sites at Pokhran in Rajasthan.(HT File Photo) The first three detonations took place simultaneously at 3.45pm on May 11. These included a 45 kT thermonuclear device, a 15kt fission device and a 0.2 kt sub-kiloton (which is less than a kiloton) device. The two nuclear devices detonated simultaneously on May 13 were also in the sub-kiloton range, 0.5 kT and 0.3 kT. The test happened months after then foreign secretary K Raghunath told his US counterpart that India did not have any intention of testing a nuclear device. “The test was a secret, known only to five people; that certainly did not include me or even the foreign secretary,” Mansingh recalled. The test opened floodgates of trouble for India: sanctions, economic and military, and interactional isolation. “It was certainly the biggest challenge Indian foreign policy establishment faced in a long, long time”, said Mansingh, who later became the foreign secretary as well as the country’s envoy to the US. The immediate challenge was to mitigate international opposition and eventually bridge the trust gap with the US. Immediately after the tests, the US suspended foreign secretary-level talks; over the following two years, it put more than 200 Indian entities ...

Rajagopala Chidambaram (born 11 November 1936) is an Previously served as the principal scientific adviser to the federal Throughout his career, Chidambaram played a key role in developing India's Academic life [ ] Chidambaram completed his early education in Martin Forster Medal for the best doctoral thesis submitted to the Indian Institute of Science. Chidambaram is a versatile scholar, interest first in physics. After graduating, his interest in nuclear physics diminished and his research interest in physics did not keep him motivated to contribute in his field. Instead, Chidambaram found himself interested in crystallography and condensed matter physics, writing scientific articles which later played an influential role in the development of modern Nuclear program [ ] After receiving his doctorate in physics, Chidambaram joined the As Principal Scientific Adviser [ ] Dr. R. Chidambaram was Awards and honours [ ] Chidambaram is the recipient a number of awards and honours. The Indian Government acknowledged his contribution to the successful nuclear tests by awarding the References [ ] • pib.gov.in . Retrieved 2 September 2022. • 164.100.58.236 . Retrieved 2 September 2022. • • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • • • . Retrieved 21 October 2008. • • External links [ ]

Climatic Condition Of Pokhran Pokhran experiences a climate that is similar to the other part of Rajasthan. The three main seasons are those of summer, winter, and monsoon. Summers prevails during the month of April- June and are very hot and hot air(loo) blows, the temperature rises upto 46°C. Traveling to Pokran during summer is a bad idea. The monsoon season brings along less than adequate rainfall through the southwest monsoon. The monsoon months in Pokran are the months of July, August, and September. Winters are quite cold and remain moderate temperatures during the day time. The temperature goes down to a minimum of 1°C during winter. Disclaimer : RajasthanDirect.com is not the official website of Rajasthan Government. However we do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the information provided here. Please check respective Rajasthan local authorities, Govt and hotel website for latest and correct information. All efforts have been made only to provide the information about Rajasthan. Some of the pictures and copyright items belong to their respective owners. If any copyright is violated, kindly inform and we will promptly remove them.

By India Today Web Desk: The day was May 18 in the year 1974. On this day, the Indian government conducted its first nuclear test in the deserts of Pokhran, Rajasthan making it a peaceful nuclear explosion. 'Smiling Buddha' (MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the assigned code name of India's first successful nuclear bomb test. With the Smiling Buddha, India became the world's sixth nuclear power after the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China to successfully test out a nuclear bomb. Here is the history and aftermath of the nuclear test: • India started its own nuclear program in 1944 • Physicist Raja Ramanna expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was the first directing officer of a small team of scientists that supervised and carried out the tests • Th name Pokhran came from the place it was tested which is a city of the same name located in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. • A team of 75 scientists and engineers, led by Raja Ramanna, PK Iyengar, Rajagopala Chidambaram and others had worked on it from 1967 to 1974 • The test was a success but the aftermath of the nuclear test was not an encouraging one • The test became the center of attention as there was widespread outrage and concern over the move since this nuclear bomb was tested by the country, which was outside the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and the experiments took place without any warning to the international community • As a result, the US took...

Tourist Places in PokhranPokharan Fort,Baba Ramdev Temple,Ramdevra Fair, Pokaharan Museum. Exhibiting a traditional touch and dotted with an array of beautiful sceneries, there are many famous places to visit in Pokhran. Located in the largest state of India, Pokhran is a small historical town loaded with various big wonders. Having a close vicinity to the Thar Desert, the town of Pokhran was a remote village and a favourite destination of the royals. The essence of this can still be found in its beautiful forts, temples and museums like the Pokhran Fort, Ramdev Temple and the Pokhran Museum. Having their roots deep into history and culture, the Pokhran Tourist Places are not limited to this only. You will find various fun-filled locations to spend some carnival-like time with your loved ones including the Rajdeoji Fair where you can indulge in many activities like puppet shows and cultural shows. Overall, the town boasts of many outstanding locations which are extremely fascinating and will let you have the time of your life. Here is a list of places to visit in Pokhran: Built by the clan of Rathores, the Pokhran fort exhibits the marvels of ancient rajasthani architecture. Not only do you get to enjoy a photography session here with beautiful backdrops but the fort also lets you seep into the history. Dading back to several hundred years, the fort still stands without any harm and houses a museum and a resort in its premises. One of the most famous Places to visit in Pok...

In this 1998 file photo, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Defense Minister George Fernandes, Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and head of the Department of Atomic Energy R. Chidambaram display the victory symbol during a visit to the Shakti 1 test site, where India tested nuclear devices a week prior, in Pokhran. | Photo Credit: AP Twenty-five years ago, on May 11 and 13, 1998, India carved out a new future for itself. No other event — save the fall of Dhaka in 1971 — did more for India’s self-esteem and its place in the world, and no other policy decision had greater consequences for its national security. In the previous two decades, the military aspects of India’s nuclear policy and programme were shrouded in a veil of ambiguity and opaqueness. There had been little reliable information available since May 18, 1974, the day India conducted its first nuclear test and termed it a “peaceful nuclear explosion.” On May 11, 1998, the veil was finally lifted. After conducting three underground tests at Pokhran, followed by two more on May 13, the Government of India was unusually candid in its statements. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee was explicit: “Our intentions were, are, and will always be peaceful but we do not want to cover our action with a veil of needless ambiguity. India is now a nuclear weapons state...” Also read | The consequences The 1998 tests unleashed a fury of events and catapulted India into probably its worst conf...

On 16 October 1964, the People Republic of China became the fifth country to enter the nuclear-armed State club after detonating 16-kiloton bomb. Then Rajya Sabha MP and Bharatiya Jana Sangh (later Bharatiya Janata Party) leader, Atal Bihari Vajpayee said, “The answer to an atom bomb is an atom bomb, nothing else.” There were speculations that India was under nuclear threat from countries like China. “We may be faced with a nuclear threat from China and be without help because a direct confrontation among the superpowers which have nuclear capability is impossible and has been made remote by mutual agreements among them. Also, it is in the superpowers’ interest to keep other countries like India from acquiring nuclear defence capability as it would reduce their own manoeuvrability and power,” economist and party member Subramanian Swamy had written in ‘Systems Analysis of Strategic Defence Needs’. Read more: What is Pokhran 1- Why it failed? In 1974, when Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister, India entered the arena of nuclear testing for the first time. Gandhi conducted the Pokhran-I test on Buddha Purnima. The test was called a “peaceful nuclear explosion” to pacify the western powers and avoid the threat of sanctions from them. But this operation was not successful. The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) on its website claimed that the nuclear tests conducted by India on May 18, 1974, may have only been partially successful. "The device was placed in a vertical sha...