Robert oppenheimer

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Detail from the cover of American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer hide caption toggle caption He is remembered as the father of the bomb. But the story of J. Robert Oppenheimer is more than how the world's most destructive weapon came to be. A new biography describes a complex, contradictory and at times mystical genius who defies easy labels. Guests: Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, authors of American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer Read an Excerpt In the first decade of the twentieth century, science initiated a second American revolution. A nation on horseback was soon transformed by the internal combustion engine, manned flight and a multitude of other inventions. These technological innovations quickly changed the lives of ordinary men and women. But simultaneously an esoteric band of scientists was creating an even more fundamental revolution. Theoretical physicists across the globe were beginning to alter the way we understand space and time. Radioactivity was discovered on March 1, 1896, by the French physicist Henri Becquerel. Max Planck, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie and others provided further insights into the nature of the atom. And then, in 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. Suddenly, the universe appeared to have changed. Around the globe, scientists were soon to be celebrated as a new kind of hero, promising to usher in a renaissance of rationality, prosperity and social...

During the peak of the Cold War—when American fears of the Soviet Union were at a high—Senator Joseph McCarthy helped stoke a mass paranoia that communists were infiltrating life in the United States. The ensuing hysteria led the loyalties of hundreds to be scrutinized during the so-called Red Scare. One such person to come under fire was the famed physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the “father of the atomic bomb.” Oppenheimer fell from grace after the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) alleged he had ties to communism and revoked his security clearance in 1954. Now, almost 70 years later, the United States Department of Energy has reversed the decision, “As time has passed, more evidence has come to light of the bias and unfairness of the process that Dr. Oppenheimer was subjected to, while the evidence of his loyalty and love of country have only been further affirmed,” Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm says in the statement. What’s more, a review of the historical evidence shows the 1954 decision was less born out of genuine national security concerns than it was a product of the AEC’s disagreement with Oppenheimer on nuclear weapons policy, Granholm writes in the Before the decision to revoke his clearance, Oppenheimer was widely regarded as a brilliant scientist. He graduated from Harvard in three years, researched at the University of Cambridge in England, earned a PhD at the University of Göttingen in Germany and became a professor at the University of California, Ber...