Saponification reaction class 10

Soaps And Detergents - Cleansing Action Of Soaps And Detergents What are Soaps? A soap is a water-soluble compound which is made via a process called saponification by the reaction between sodium hydroxide or Characteristics of Soap • Hardness – Harder soap which is a dense bar lasts longer. • Cleansing – The first reason the majority of people use soap is to get clean. A soap molecule consists of a chain of carbon atoms where one end of the chain attracts oil and the other attracts water. Soap should be balanced and not too much or too less of cleansing ingredient should be added. • Conditioner – Soap conditioners are referred to as emollients. Once you have washed your hands and what’s left behind on your skin after you rinse, depends on the type of soap a person uses. For instance, consider a person with dry skin, he/she should select a soap with moisturizing emollients that can prevent water evaporation. • Lather – Most people like soap which produces lather. The balance of bubbles and cleansing, soothing cream makes lather so satisfying. • Fragrance – It is an essential factor. Aromas evoke a unique combination of personal memory and enrich our daily life. Fragrances revitalize us, calm us, and most importantly mask our body odours. What is Detergent? Amphipathic molecules that contain charged hydrophilic or polar groups at the end of long lipophilic hydrocarbon groups are called detergents. The charged hydrophilic group is also called the head and the long l...

In our day to day lives, we often use detergents and soaps to clean the dirt off our clothes. Have you ever wondered what soap molecule is made up of or how it cleanses the dirt? In this article, we shall look upon the structure of soap and its cleansing action but before that, we shall give a simple definition of what soap is. What are Soaps? Soap is produced by saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and vegetable oil or animal fats. Thus, soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a long chain of fatty acids. Soaps are water-soluble in nature. Properties of Soaps: • Hard in nature: Soaps are generally hard in nature i.e. they are in solid form. • Cleansing Action: Soaps are effective to clean away the dirt from a surface. Soaps have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head which are equally important in the cleaning process. • Lather formation: Soaps form lather with soft water. • Conditioners: Soaps contain conditioners called emollients that are responsible to moisturize our skin once we use the soap. • Fragrant: Soaps generally have a unique fragrance added to them. These fragrances help calm us, soothe our minds and remove our body odours. Structure of Soap A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of a long chain of fatty acids. Thus soap has two parts, one is the ionic part and the other is a long carbon chain. The two parts of the soap molecules possess very different properties. These two parts are known as: • Hydrophobic tail: Thi...

Our Objective To study the saponification reaction for preparation of soap. The Theory Soaps and detergents are essential to personal and public health. They safely remove germs, soils and other contaminants and help us to stay healthy and make our surroundings more pleasant. Soaps are made from fats and oils or their fatty acids. What are fatty acids? Fatty acids are merely carboxylic acids consisting of a long hydrocarbon chain at one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the other end. They are generally represented as RCOOH. They are an important component of plants, animals and other microorganisms. They are found in various parts of the body, such as cell membranes, the nervous system and as lung surfactant. There are two groups of fatty acids: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids:Fatty acids contain carbon-carbon single bonds called saturated fatty acids. Examples: stearic acid (C 17H 35COOH) & palmitic acid (C 15H 31COOH) Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. Example: Oleic acid (C 17H 33COOH) If the fatty acid has a single carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule, it is known as a mono-unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a mono-unsaturated fatty acid. If a fatty acid has two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule, it is known as poly-unsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is a poly-unsaturated fatty acid. It contains two double bonds. Long chain fatty ...

In a chemistry lab, Snehal reacts ethanoic acid ( CH 3 COOH \text CH 3 ​ CH 2 ​ CH 2 ​ OH start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, O, H, end text ) in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. A fruity-smelling compound is formed. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COO CH 3 \text_3 CH 3 ​ CH 2 ​ CH 2 ​ COO CH 3 ​ start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, O, O, end text, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COO CH 3 \text_3 CH 3 ​ CH 2 ​ CH 2 ​ COO CH 3 ​ start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, O, O, end text, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript • CH 3 CO CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 \text_3 CH 3 ​ CO CH 2 ​ CH 2 ​ CH 3 ​ start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start text, C, O, end text, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript, start text, C, H, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript CH 3 CO CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 \text_3 CH 3 ​ CO CH 2 ​ CH 2 ​ CH 3 ​ start ...

Ester Hydrolysis with NaOH What is an Ester? Ester is an organic compound emanated from carboxylic acid. At least one hydroxyl group ( -OH) in the ester group is substituted by an -O- alkyl (i.e. alkoxy) group. Esters are pleasant smelling compounds derived from carboxylic acid and alcohol reactions under a dehydrating agent. What is Hydrolysis? Hydrolysis refers to the reaction of an organic compound with water, leading to the decomposition of the organic compound. An ester hydrolyses to give alcohol and carboxylic acid or carboxylate salt. Table of Content • • 2SO 4 • • • • Ester Hydrolysis Ester is an organic compound emanated from carboxylic acid. At least one hydroxyl group ( -OH) in the ester group is substituted by an -O- alkyl (i.e. alkoxy) group. Esters are pleasant smelling compounds derived from carboxylic acid and alcohol reactions under a dehydrating agent. Hydrolysis of ester or ester hydrolysis is one of the most critical ester reactions. The hydrolysis of ester takes place in an acidic or basic medium. In an acidic medium, ester interacts with the water molecule to give a carboxylic acid and alcohol. In contrast, ester interacts with the water molecule to give a carboxylate salt and alcohol in a basic medium. Ester Hydrolysis with H 2SO 4 Ester Hydrolysis with H 2SO 4 or acid catalysed ester hydrolysis is the reaction of an ester with water under an acidic medium. It is merely the reverse of the esterification reaction. In it, an ester is heated under reflu...

Saponification What is saponification? The saponification definition is the reaction between fat and an alkali compound to produce glycerol and soap (a fatty acid salt). The main components within a saponification reaction include: • Lipids: Triglycerides are the most common type of fat used in saponification. It is a type of lipid-derived from animal fat or plant oils. • Alkali: A variety of compounds including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Alkali compounds, also known as chemical salts, are caustic (corrosive) inorganic compounds that require certain precautions to use safely. They donate hydroxide ions () is an anion. When either sodium or potassium is bound to hydroxide, they create a chemical salt. The term lye most often refers to sodium hydroxide but the definition is often expounded to include potassium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide is most often used to make liquid soap, like the hand soap and dishwashing liquid used in residential and industrial kitchens. Examples of Saponification Examples of saponification include: • Wet chemical fire extinguishers: Converts burning cooking oil and fats into con-combustible soap that ultimately extinguishes fire • Oil paintings: Metals in oil-based pigments react with the oil to create a soap that degrades the painting over time. This is why historical paintings must be restored to maintain their artistic integrity. • Household cleaning: Sodium-based soaps are used in laundry detergent. Lithium soaps a...

Soaps And Detergents - Cleansing Action Of Soaps And Detergents What are Soaps? A soap is a water-soluble compound which is made via a process called saponification by the reaction between sodium hydroxide or Characteristics of Soap • Hardness – Harder soap which is a dense bar lasts longer. • Cleansing – The first reason the majority of people use soap is to get clean. A soap molecule consists of a chain of carbon atoms where one end of the chain attracts oil and the other attracts water. Soap should be balanced and not too much or too less of cleansing ingredient should be added. • Conditioner – Soap conditioners are referred to as emollients. Once you have washed your hands and what’s left behind on your skin after you rinse, depends on the type of soap a person uses. For instance, consider a person with dry skin, he/she should select a soap with moisturizing emollients that can prevent water evaporation. • Lather – Most people like soap which produces lather. The balance of bubbles and cleansing, soothing cream makes lather so satisfying. • Fragrance – It is an essential factor. Aromas evoke a unique combination of personal memory and enrich our daily life. Fragrances revitalize us, calm us, and most importantly mask our body odours. What is Detergent? Amphipathic molecules that contain charged hydrophilic or polar groups at the end of long lipophilic hydrocarbon groups are called detergents. The charged hydrophilic group is also called the head and the long l...

Saponification What is saponification? The saponification definition is the reaction between fat and an alkali compound to produce glycerol and soap (a fatty acid salt). The main components within a saponification reaction include: • Lipids: Triglycerides are the most common type of fat used in saponification. It is a type of lipid-derived from animal fat or plant oils. • Alkali: A variety of compounds including sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Alkali compounds, also known as chemical salts, are caustic (corrosive) inorganic compounds that require certain precautions to use safely. They donate hydroxide ions () is an anion. When either sodium or potassium is bound to hydroxide, they create a chemical salt. The term lye most often refers to sodium hydroxide but the definition is often expounded to include potassium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide is most often used to make liquid soap, like the hand soap and dishwashing liquid used in residential and industrial kitchens. Examples of Saponification Examples of saponification include: • Wet chemical fire extinguishers: Converts burning cooking oil and fats into con-combustible soap that ultimately extinguishes fire • Oil paintings: Metals in oil-based pigments react with the oil to create a soap that degrades the painting over time. This is why historical paintings must be restored to maintain their artistic integrity. • Household cleaning: Sodium-based soaps are used in laundry detergent. Lithium soaps a...

Ester Hydrolysis with NaOH What is an Ester? Ester is an organic compound emanated from carboxylic acid. At least one hydroxyl group ( -OH) in the ester group is substituted by an -O- alkyl (i.e. alkoxy) group. Esters are pleasant smelling compounds derived from carboxylic acid and alcohol reactions under a dehydrating agent. What is Hydrolysis? Hydrolysis refers to the reaction of an organic compound with water, leading to the decomposition of the organic compound. An ester hydrolyses to give alcohol and carboxylic acid or carboxylate salt. Table of Content • • 2SO 4 • • • • Ester Hydrolysis Ester is an organic compound emanated from carboxylic acid. At least one hydroxyl group ( -OH) in the ester group is substituted by an -O- alkyl (i.e. alkoxy) group. Esters are pleasant smelling compounds derived from carboxylic acid and alcohol reactions under a dehydrating agent. Hydrolysis of ester or ester hydrolysis is one of the most critical ester reactions. The hydrolysis of ester takes place in an acidic or basic medium. In an acidic medium, ester interacts with the water molecule to give a carboxylic acid and alcohol. In contrast, ester interacts with the water molecule to give a carboxylate salt and alcohol in a basic medium. Ester Hydrolysis with H 2SO 4 Ester Hydrolysis with H 2SO 4 or acid catalysed ester hydrolysis is the reaction of an ester with water under an acidic medium. It is merely the reverse of the esterification reaction. In it, an ester is heated under reflu...

In our day to day lives, we often use detergents and soaps to clean the dirt off our clothes. Have you ever wondered what soap molecule is made up of or how it cleanses the dirt? In this article, we shall look upon the structure of soap and its cleansing action but before that, we shall give a simple definition of what soap is. What are Soaps? Soap is produced by saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and vegetable oil or animal fats. Thus, soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a long chain of fatty acids. Soaps are water-soluble in nature. Properties of Soaps: • Hard in nature: Soaps are generally hard in nature i.e. they are in solid form. • Cleansing Action: Soaps are effective to clean away the dirt from a surface. Soaps have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head which are equally important in the cleaning process. • Lather formation: Soaps form lather with soft water. • Conditioners: Soaps contain conditioners called emollients that are responsible to moisturize our skin once we use the soap. • Fragrant: Soaps generally have a unique fragrance added to them. These fragrances help calm us, soothe our minds and remove our body odours. Structure of Soap A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of a long chain of fatty acids. Thus soap has two parts, one is the ionic part and the other is a long carbon chain. The two parts of the soap molecules possess very different properties. These two parts are known as: • Hydrophobic tail: Thi...