Control hazards: arise from the pipelining of branches and other instructions that change the PC. Performance of Pipelines with Stalls A stall causes the pipeline performance to degrade from the ideal performance. Speedup from pipelining = [ 1/ (1+ pipeline stall cycles per instruction) ] * Pipeline Structural Hazards

The threat of a radiation or nuclear emergency can be stressful and surviving one can be a traumatic experience. Take care of yourself and talk to someone if you are feeling upset. Follow CDC guidance for managing stress during a traumatic event.