Shulba sutras were instruction manuals for constructing vedic altars of various shapes and sizes for performing yagnas. there are seven shulba sutras. which is the oldest shulba sutra?

The Vedic people probably entered India about 1500 BC from the region that today is Iran. The word Vedic describes the religion of these people and the name comes from their collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. The texts date from about the 15 th to the 5 th century BC and were used for sacrificial rites which were the main feature of the religion. There was a ritual which took place at an altar where food, also sometimes animals, were sacrificed. The Vedas contain recitations and chants to be used at these ceremonies. Later prose was added called Brahmanas which explained how the texts were to be used in the ceremonies. They also tell of the origin and the importance of the sacrificial rites themselves. The Sulbasutras are appendices to the Vedas which give rules for constructing altars. If the ritual sacrifice was to be successful then the altar had to conform to very precise measurements. The people made sacrifices to their gods so that the gods might be pleased and give the people plenty food, good fortune, good health, long life, and lots of other material benefits. For the gods to be pleased everything had to be carried out with a very precise formula, so mathematical accuracy was seen to be of the utmost importance. We should also note that there were two types of sacrificial rites, one being a large public gathering while the other was a small family affair. Different types of altars were necessary for the two different types of ceremony. All that is kno...

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SHULBA SŪTRAS (VEDĀNGAS) SHULBA SŪTRAS (VEDĀNGAS) The Shulba Sūtras belong to the Vedāngas, or supplementary texts of the Vedas. Although they are part of the Kalpa Sūtras, which deal with ritual, their importance stems from the constructions they provide for building geometric altars. Their contents, written in the condensed sūtra style, deal with geometrical propositions and problems related to rectilinear figures and their combinations and transformations, squaring the circle, as well as arithmetical and algebraic solutions to these problems. The root shulb means measurement, and the word shulba means a cord, rope, or string. The extant Shulba Sūtras belong to the schools of the Yajurveda. The most important Shulba texts are the ones by Baudhāyana, Āpastamba, Kātyāyana, and Mānava. They have been generally assigned to the period 800 to 500 b.c. Baudhāyana's text is the oldest, and he is believed to have belonged to the Andhra region. Baudhāyana begins with units of linear measurement and then presents the geometry of rectilinear figures, triangles, and circles, and their transformations from one type to another using differences and combinations of areas. An approximation to the square root of 2 and to p are next given. Then follow constructions for various kinds of geometric altars in the shapes of the falcon (both rectilinear and with curved wings and extended tail), kite, isosceles triangle, rhombus, chariot wheel with and without spokes, square and circular trough, ...

[ Hinduism glossary Athirathram: The continuity of Śulbasūtra tradition Śulbasūtra (शुल्बसूत्र):—The Śulbasūtras are the ancient mathematical treatises primarily deal with geometry. They forms a part of kalpasūtras; one of the six Vedaṅgās. Proper understanding of these texts is essential to study Vedas. The geometrical expositions of Śulbasūtras are original in nature and of physical and metaphysical value. academia.edu: Sulbasutras Śulbasūtra (शुल्बसूत्र).—Included in some of the Srautasūtras were guidelines for the construction of various fire altars ( citis) and the arithmetic and geometrical formulae behind the process. These manuals were perhaps called rajju-samāsa (“joining the measuring cord”). In course of time, they came to be identified as the Śulbasūtras. Śulba, literally “string,” refers to the measuring cord, and sūtra, literally “string” again, means an aphorism in the Sanskrit technical vocabulary. We have information about 11 such “aphorisms of the measuring cord”: the Baudhāyana, the Āpastaṃba, the Mānava, the Kātyāyana, the Maitrāyaṇa, the Hiraṇyakeśi, the Vādhūla, the Varāha, the Laugākṣi, the Satyāṣaḍha, and the Maśaka. The first eight of these are now extant. Later Vedic texts like the Brāhmaṇas, the Āraṇyakas, and the Upaniṣads were, as a rule, affiliated with one of the three Vedas. This was also the case with the Śulbasūtras or the Srautasūtras to which they were attached. Languages of India and abroad Sanskrit dictionary [ Sanskrit glossary DDSA: ...

Shulba Sutras Explained The Shulva Sutras or Śulbasūtras (Sanskrit: शुल्बसूत्र; : "string, cord, rope") are Purpose and origins The Shulba Sutras are part of the larger corpus of texts called the The four major Shulba Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those attributed to With regard to the composition of Vedic texts, Plofker writes, The Vedic veneration of Sanskrit as a sacred speech, whose divinely revealed texts were meant to be recited, heard, and memorized rather than transmitted in writing, helped shape Sanskrit literature in general. ... Thus texts were composed in formats that could be easily memorized: either condensed prose aphorisms ( sūtras, a word later applied to mean a rule or algorithm in general) or verse, particularly in the Classical period. Naturally, ease of memorization sometimes interfered with ease of comprehension. As a result, most treatises were supplemented by one or more prose commentaries ..." śyenaciti), dating to the second century BCE, was found in the excavations by pada and 36 pada, one of the triangles listed in the Baudhayana Shulba Sutra. Several Mathematicians and Historians mention that the earliest of the texts were written beginning in 800 BCE by Vedic Hindus based on compilations of an oral tradition dating back to 2000 BCE. List of Shulba Sutras • • • • • Maitrayaniya (somewhat similar to Manava text) • • Vadhula (in manuscript) • Hiranyakeshin (similar to Apastamba Shulba Sutras) Mathematics Pythagorean t...

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This is Willem Caland's English translation of the Shankhayana Shrauta Sutras. The core scriptures of Hinduism are the four Vedas: Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharvana. Each Veda comes in a bunch of different Shakhas or recensions. Associated with each Shakha are Kalpa Sutras, texts which elucidate the Yagnas or fire-rituals described in the Vedas. Kalpa Sutras come in three forms: Grihya Sutras, which describe household Yagnas; Shrauta Sutras, which describe large public Yagnas; and Shulba Sutras, which describe the geometry of Yagna altars. Now one of the Shakhas of the Rig Veda is known as Bashkala Shakha. Its Kalpa Sutras were authored by the sage Shankhayana. It is the Shrauta Sutra text of this Shakhas, known as as Shankhayana Shrauta Sutras, that is translated here. This is one of the only English translations of a Shrauta Sutra text ever written.

Purpose and origins The Shulba Sutras are part of the larger corpus of texts called the Shrauta Sutras, considered to be appendices to the Vedas. They are the only sources of knowledge of Indian mathematics from the Vedic period. Unique fire-altar shapes were associated with unique gifts from the Gods. For instance, "he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon"; "a fire-altar in the form of a tortoise is to be constructed by one desiring to win the world of Brahman" and "those who wish to destroy existing and future enemies should construct a fire-altar in the form of a rhombus". The four major Shulba Sutras, which are mathematically the most significant, are those attributed to Baudhayana, Manava, Apastamba and Katyayana. Their language is late Vedic Sanskrit, pointing to a composition roughly during the 1st millennium BC, The oldest is the sutra attributed to Baudhayana, possibly compiled around 800 BCE to 600 BCE. while the youngest content may date to about 200 CE. List of Shulba Sutras • Apastamba • Baudhayana • Manava • Katyayana • Maitrayaniya (somewhat similar to Manava text) • Varaha (in manuscript) • Vadhula (in manuscript) • Hiranyakeshin (similar to Apastamba Shulba Sutras) Pythagorean theorem The sutras contain discussion and non-axiomatic demonstrations of cases of the Pythagorean theorem and Pythagorean triples. It is also implied and cases presented in the earlier work of Apastamba and Baudhayana, although there is no consensu...