Smallest meaningful component in a program is known as

A token in C can be defined as the smallest individual element of the C programming language that is meaningful to the compiler. It is the basic component of a C program. Types of Tokens in C The tokens of C language can be classified into six types based on the functions they are used to perform. The types of C tokens are as follows: • Keywords • Identifiers • Constants • Strings • Special Symbols • Operators 1. C Token – Keywords The C language supports 32 keywords which are given below: auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while 2. C Token – Identifiers Identifiers are used as the general terminology for the naming of variables, functions, and arrays. These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character. Identifier names must differ in spelling and case from any keywords. You cannot use keywords as identifiers; they are reserved for special use. Once declared, you can use the identifier in later program statements to refer to the associated value. A special kind of identifier called a statement label can be used in goto statements. Rules for Naming Identifiers Certain rules should be followed while naming c identifiers which are as follows: • They must begin with a letter or underscore(_). • They must consist of onl...

Published Date: August 11, 2022 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a practice in which computers are taught to process, understand and replicate natural human speech. As a discipline, it combines elements of computer science, computational linguistics, deep learning, The concept of NLP has existed since the 1950s, when computing pioneer Alan Turing proposed what he called the “imitation game” (later known as the Turing test), in which a human operator asks a series of questions through a text-only channel to determine if an unseen respondent is a human or computer. If the human can’t tell, the computer has “passed the Turing test,” which is often described as the ultimate goal of AI or NLP. NLP powers applications from automated telephone response trees to speech-to-text to GPS systems to automated assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft Azure and Google Assistant. It can be used to perform automated translation of text from one language to another, to respond to verbal commands as in the case of virtual assistants, to analyze and summarize large amounts of text and much more. In this article, we’ll discuss the types of NLP, how they work, some common NLP tasks and applications and talk about how How does natural language processing work? NLP transforms words into a format a computer can understand using a process known as text vectorization, which assigns a numeric vector (or array of numbers) to each word and compares it to the system’s dictionary. W...

Programs Marilyn Wolf, in High-Performance Embedded Computing (Second Edition), 2014 3.4Program performance analysis Just as we need to know the speed at which hardware modules execute to design a hardware system, we need to analyze the performance of programs to build complex software systems. Unfortunately, software performance analysis is much more difficult than hardware timing analysis. Synchronous hardware design restricts the structure of digital logic so that we can accurately bound delay with reasonable effort. Software designers, in contrast, insist on the full power of Turing machines, which makes it much more difficult to find tight bounds on execution time. Performance measures We generally measure program execution time from program initiation at presentation of some inputs to termination at the delivery of the last outputs. Several different measures of software performance are of interest. • Worst-case execution time (WCET)—the longest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Best-case execution time (BCET)—the shortest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Average-case execution time for typical inputs Uses of average performance Average-case performance is used for very different purposes than are worst-case and best-case execution times. Average performance is used to tune software (and perhaps the underlying hardware platform); average performance data is particularly useful when it is recorded not just for the entire pr...

A token in C can be defined as the smallest individual element of the C programming language that is meaningful to the compiler. It is the basic component of a C program. Types of Tokens in C The tokens of C language can be classified into six types based on the functions they are used to perform. The types of C tokens are as follows: • Keywords • Identifiers • Constants • Strings • Special Symbols • Operators 1. C Token – Keywords The C language supports 32 keywords which are given below: auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while 2. C Token – Identifiers Identifiers are used as the general terminology for the naming of variables, functions, and arrays. These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character. Identifier names must differ in spelling and case from any keywords. You cannot use keywords as identifiers; they are reserved for special use. Once declared, you can use the identifier in later program statements to refer to the associated value. A special kind of identifier called a statement label can be used in goto statements. Rules for Naming Identifiers Certain rules should be followed while naming c identifiers which are as follows: • They must begin with a letter or underscore(_). • They must consist of onl...

Published Date: August 11, 2022 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a practice in which computers are taught to process, understand and replicate natural human speech. As a discipline, it combines elements of computer science, computational linguistics, deep learning, The concept of NLP has existed since the 1950s, when computing pioneer Alan Turing proposed what he called the “imitation game” (later known as the Turing test), in which a human operator asks a series of questions through a text-only channel to determine if an unseen respondent is a human or computer. If the human can’t tell, the computer has “passed the Turing test,” which is often described as the ultimate goal of AI or NLP. NLP powers applications from automated telephone response trees to speech-to-text to GPS systems to automated assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft Azure and Google Assistant. It can be used to perform automated translation of text from one language to another, to respond to verbal commands as in the case of virtual assistants, to analyze and summarize large amounts of text and much more. In this article, we’ll discuss the types of NLP, how they work, some common NLP tasks and applications and talk about how How does natural language processing work? NLP transforms words into a format a computer can understand using a process known as text vectorization, which assigns a numeric vector (or array of numbers) to each word and compares it to the system’s dictionary. W...

Programs Marilyn Wolf, in High-Performance Embedded Computing (Second Edition), 2014 3.4Program performance analysis Just as we need to know the speed at which hardware modules execute to design a hardware system, we need to analyze the performance of programs to build complex software systems. Unfortunately, software performance analysis is much more difficult than hardware timing analysis. Synchronous hardware design restricts the structure of digital logic so that we can accurately bound delay with reasonable effort. Software designers, in contrast, insist on the full power of Turing machines, which makes it much more difficult to find tight bounds on execution time. Performance measures We generally measure program execution time from program initiation at presentation of some inputs to termination at the delivery of the last outputs. Several different measures of software performance are of interest. • Worst-case execution time (WCET)—the longest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Best-case execution time (BCET)—the shortest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Average-case execution time for typical inputs Uses of average performance Average-case performance is used for very different purposes than are worst-case and best-case execution times. Average performance is used to tune software (and perhaps the underlying hardware platform); average performance data is particularly useful when it is recorded not just for the entire pr...

A token in C can be defined as the smallest individual element of the C programming language that is meaningful to the compiler. It is the basic component of a C program. Types of Tokens in C The tokens of C language can be classified into six types based on the functions they are used to perform. The types of C tokens are as follows: • Keywords • Identifiers • Constants • Strings • Special Symbols • Operators 1. C Token – Keywords The C language supports 32 keywords which are given below: auto double int struct break else long switch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned continue for signed void default goto sizeof volatile do if static while 2. C Token – Identifiers Identifiers are used as the general terminology for the naming of variables, functions, and arrays. These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as a first character. Identifier names must differ in spelling and case from any keywords. You cannot use keywords as identifiers; they are reserved for special use. Once declared, you can use the identifier in later program statements to refer to the associated value. A special kind of identifier called a statement label can be used in goto statements. Rules for Naming Identifiers Certain rules should be followed while naming c identifiers which are as follows: • They must begin with a letter or underscore(_). • They must consist of onl...

Published Date: August 11, 2022 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a practice in which computers are taught to process, understand and replicate natural human speech. As a discipline, it combines elements of computer science, computational linguistics, deep learning, The concept of NLP has existed since the 1950s, when computing pioneer Alan Turing proposed what he called the “imitation game” (later known as the Turing test), in which a human operator asks a series of questions through a text-only channel to determine if an unseen respondent is a human or computer. If the human can’t tell, the computer has “passed the Turing test,” which is often described as the ultimate goal of AI or NLP. NLP powers applications from automated telephone response trees to speech-to-text to GPS systems to automated assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft Azure and Google Assistant. It can be used to perform automated translation of text from one language to another, to respond to verbal commands as in the case of virtual assistants, to analyze and summarize large amounts of text and much more. In this article, we’ll discuss the types of NLP, how they work, some common NLP tasks and applications and talk about how How does natural language processing work? NLP transforms words into a format a computer can understand using a process known as text vectorization, which assigns a numeric vector (or array of numbers) to each word and compares it to the system’s dictionary. W...

Programs Marilyn Wolf, in High-Performance Embedded Computing (Second Edition), 2014 3.4Program performance analysis Just as we need to know the speed at which hardware modules execute to design a hardware system, we need to analyze the performance of programs to build complex software systems. Unfortunately, software performance analysis is much more difficult than hardware timing analysis. Synchronous hardware design restricts the structure of digital logic so that we can accurately bound delay with reasonable effort. Software designers, in contrast, insist on the full power of Turing machines, which makes it much more difficult to find tight bounds on execution time. Performance measures We generally measure program execution time from program initiation at presentation of some inputs to termination at the delivery of the last outputs. Several different measures of software performance are of interest. • Worst-case execution time (WCET)—the longest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Best-case execution time (BCET)—the shortest execution time for any possible combination of inputs • Average-case execution time for typical inputs Uses of average performance Average-case performance is used for very different purposes than are worst-case and best-case execution times. Average performance is used to tune software (and perhaps the underlying hardware platform); average performance data is particularly useful when it is recorded not just for the entire pr...

Published Date: August 11, 2022 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a practice in which computers are taught to process, understand and replicate natural human speech. As a discipline, it combines elements of computer science, computational linguistics, deep learning, The concept of NLP has existed since the 1950s, when computing pioneer Alan Turing proposed what he called the “imitation game” (later known as the Turing test), in which a human operator asks a series of questions through a text-only channel to determine if an unseen respondent is a human or computer. If the human can’t tell, the computer has “passed the Turing test,” which is often described as the ultimate goal of AI or NLP. NLP powers applications from automated telephone response trees to speech-to-text to GPS systems to automated assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Microsoft Azure and Google Assistant. It can be used to perform automated translation of text from one language to another, to respond to verbal commands as in the case of virtual assistants, to analyze and summarize large amounts of text and much more. In this article, we’ll discuss the types of NLP, how they work, some common NLP tasks and applications and talk about how How does natural language processing work? NLP transforms words into a format a computer can understand using a process known as text vectorization, which assigns a numeric vector (or array of numbers) to each word and compares it to the system’s dictionary. W...