Structure of chloroform

Introduction Chloroform is a colourless, volatile, liquid derivative of methane with an ether-like odour. The formula of chloroform is CHCl 3 . It is slightly soluble in water. Hence, it sinks in water. Chloroform is non-flammable in most conditions, but it tends to burn under extreme conditions. It is used as a solvent to synthesise other chemicals. It is also used as a fumigant. As a by-product of water chlorination, it may be present in small amounts in chlorinated water. Acute chloroform toxicity can cause liver dysfunctional, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea and central nervous system dysfunction. Earlier, chloroform was used as an inhaled anaesthetic during the surgery, but it isn’t used that way now. Other names for chloroform are Trichloromethane and Methyl trichloride. Uses of Chloroform There are various uses of chloroform in the chemical and domestic industries. Some of these uses are described as follows: • The primary use in the production of refrigerants (e.g. chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-22, fluorocarbon-22 ) which are used in refrigerators as the coolant. It is also used in producing plastic, especially vinyl chloride. • The CHCl 3 commonly known as chloroform, is utilised as a solvent to extract fats, greases, wax, oils, rubbers, resins, etc. • The chloroform is used as an industrial solvent as well as It is used to purify and extract alkaloids, vitamins, and antibiotics. • Chloroform is used in the building, paper and board industries, and in pesticide and film pro...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Prince George's Community College General Chemistry for Engineering CHM 2000 Learning Objective • To understand the relationship between solubility and molecular structure. When a solute dissolves, its individual atoms, molecules, or ions interact with the solvent, become solvated, and are able to diffuse independently throughout the solution (part (a) in crystallization. Dissolution and crystallization continue as long as excess solid is present, resulting in a dynamic equilibrium analogous to the equilibrium that maintains the vapor pressure of a liquid. (For more information about vapor pressure, see \( solute+solvent \rightleftharpoons crystallization \; dissolution \; solution \tag \) Although the terms precipitation and crystallization are both used to describe the separation of solid solute from a solution, crystallization refers to the formation of a solid with a well-defined crystalline structure, whereas precipitation refers to the formation of any solid phase, often one with very small particles. Figure 9.2.1 Dissolution and Precipitation (a) When a solid is added to a solvent in which it is soluble, solute particles leave the surface of the solid and become solvated by the solvent, initially forming an unsaturated solution. (b) When the maximum possible amount of solute has dissolved, the solution becomes saturated. If excess solute is present, the rate at which solute particles leave the surface of the solid equ...

• Experimental Physico-chemical Properties • Experimental Melting Point: -64 °C Alfa Aesar -64 °C OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) -64 °C Alfa Aesar -64 °C (Literature) Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset -64 °C Sigma-Aldrich -64 °C Oakwood • Experimental Boiling Point: 62 °C Alfa Aesar 61 °C OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) 62 °C (Literature) Alfa Aesar 60.9 °C Sigma-Aldrich 60.9 °C Oakwood • Experimental Refraction Index: 1.4445 Alfa Aesar 1.444 Sigma-Aldrich • Experimental Density: 1.5 g/mL Alfa Aesar 1.5 g/mL Sigma-Aldrich • Miscellaneous • Appearance: colourless liquid OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) • Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong bases, alkali metals, aluminium, magnesium,strong oxidizing agents. OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) • Toxicity: ORL-RAT LD50 1194 mg kg-1, ORL-MUS LD50 80 mg kg-1, IPR-MUS LD50 1000 mg kg-1 OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) • Safety: 22-38-40-48/20/22 Alfa Aesar 2-36/37 Alfa Aesar 36/37 Alfa Aesar DANGER: POISON, cancer risk, causes liver damage Alfa Aesar Safety glasses, gloves, good ventilation. Handle as a potential carcinogen. OU Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) WARNING: Irritates lungs, eyes, skin Alfa Aesar • Chemical Class: A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of chloroform in which the hydrogen atom is replaced with a deuterium. Commonly used as a solvent in proton MNR spectroscopy. ChEBI