The term society has its roots in

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a You may ( September 2018) ( Social work has its roots in the attempts of Pre-modern antecedents [ ] Before the rise of modern states, the [ pageneeded] [ need quotation to verify] These were often funded, at least in part, from grants from the Empire. By 580 AD the church had a system for circulating consumables to the poor: associated with each diaconium or office of the During the Other societies had their own systems, involving roles such as those of the Modern development [ ] It was not until the emergence of The practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, This was accompanied by a less easily defined movement; the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the nineteenth century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work, both in theory and in practice. Professional social work originated in 19th century England, and had its roots in the social and economic upheaval wrought by the Poverty relief [ ] The 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a great During this time, rescue societies were initiated to find more appropriate means of self-support for women involved in prostitution. [ citation needed] State-built Most historians identify the She also provided housing for the poor; ...

States with democratic governments prevent rule by autocrats, guarantee fundamental individual rights, allow for a relatively high level of political equality, and rarely make war on each other. As compared with nondemocratic states, they also better foster human development as measured by indicators such as The hallmark of democracy is that it permits citizens to participate in making laws and public policies by regularly choosing their leaders and by democracy, literally, rule by the people. The term is derived from the dēmokratia, which was coined from dēmos (“people”) and kratos (“rule”) in the middle of the 5th century bce to denote the Fundamental questions Learn about democracy, its history, and advantages over other forms of government The etymological origins of the term democracy hint at a number of urgent problems that go far beyond semantic issues. If a government of or by the people—a “popular” government—is to be established, at least five fundamental questions must be confronted at the outset, and two more are almost certain to be posed if the (1) What is the appropriate unit or association within which a democratic government should be established? A town or city? A country? A business (2) Given an appropriate association—a city, for example—who among its members should enjoy full citizenship? Which persons, in other words, should dēmos? Is every member of the association entitled to participate in governing it? Assuming that children should not be allowed ...

All Subjects • The Sociological Perspective • • • • • • • • Sociological Research Methods • • • • • • • Culture and Societies • • • • • • • • • • Socialization • • • • • • • • • • Social Groups and Organizations • • • • • Deviance, Crime, and Social Control • • • • • • Social and Global Stratification • • • • • Race and Ethnicity • • • • • • • • Sex and Gender • • • • • • • • • • • • Economics and Politics • • • • • • • • Education • • • • • • Marriage, Family, Alternative Lifestyles • • • • • • • • Religion • • • • • • • • • Health and Medicine • • • • • • • Population and Urbanization • • • Contemporary Mass Media • • • • • Social Change and Movements • • • • • • Culture and Society Defined Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. This latter term institution refers to clusters of rules and cultural meanings associated with specific social activities. Common institutions are the family, education, religion, work, and health care. Popularly speaking, being cultured means being well‐educated, knowledgeable of the arts, stylish, and well‐mannered. High culture—generally pursued by the upper class—refers to class...

social structure, in Although it is generally agreed that the term social structure refers to regularities in social life, its application is inconsistent. For example, the term is sometimes wrongly applied when other concepts such as custom, tradition, Studies of social structure attempt to explain such matters as formal sociology, does not refer directly to individual behaviour or interpersonal interaction. Therefore, the study of social structure is not considered a behavioral science; at this level, the analysis is too abstract. It is a step removed from the consideration of concrete Social structure is sometimes defined simply as patterned social relations—those regular and repetitive aspects of the interactions between the members of a given social entity. Even on this descriptive level, the concept is highly abstract: it selects only certain elements from ongoing social activities. The larger the social entity considered, the more abstract the concept tends to be. For this reason, the social structure of a small group is generally more closely related to the daily activities of its individual members than is the social structure of a larger society. In the study of larger social groups, the problem of selection is acute: much depends on what is included as components of the social structure. Various theories offer different solutions to this problem of determining the primary Before these different theoretical views can be discussed, however, some remarks must be ma...

Many countries, such as France, Italy, Germany, the US, India, Russia and China are noted for their rich cultures, the customs, traditions, music, art and food being a continual draw for tourists. The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture, according to Arthur Asa Berger. "It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth," De Rossi said. The fall of the Roman Empire helped shape Western culture. (Image credit: Harald Nachtmann via Getty Images) The term "Western culture" has come to define the culture of European countries as well as those that have been heavily influenced by European immigration, such as the Roman era (the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.) and the rise of Christianity in the 14th century. Other drivers of Western culture include Latin, Any number of historical events have helped shape Western culture during the past 2,500 years. The fall of Rome, often pegged to A.D. 476, cleared the way for the establishment of a series of often-warring states in Europe, according to The Black Death of the 1300s cut the population of Europe by one-third to one-half, rapidly remaking society. As a result of the plague, writes Today, the influences of Western culture can be seen in almost every country in the world. Eastern culture Buddhism is a big part of some Eastern cultures. Here is the Buddhist temple Seigant...

social class, also called class, a group of people within a society who possess the same History and usage of the term The term class first came into wide use in the early 19th century, replacing such terms as rank and order as descriptions of the major hierarchical groupings in society. This usage reflected changes in the structure of western European societies after the industrial and political revolutions of the late 18th century. Feudal distinctions of rank were declining in importance, and the new social groups that were developing—the commercial and industrial class has been applied to social groups in a wide range of societies, including ancient Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Characteristics of the principal classes Despite controversies over the theory of class, there is general agreement among social scientists on the characteristics of the principal social classes in modern societies. Sociologists generally The Historically, the principal contrast with the upper class in industrial societies was provided by the working class, which traditionally consisted of manual workers in the extractive and manufacturing industries. Given the underclass by some sociologists.

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A social construct is an idea or collection of ideas that have been created and accepted by the people in a society. These constructs serve as an attempt to organize or explain the world around us. For example: For example, “childhood” is a social construct. All human beings begin their lives being young. Still, the idea that the very young, defined by a specific period of time should be given to access to toys, playgrounds, and juice boxes, is a creation of our American society. Nature determined that all human beings would be young before maturing. However, nature did not specify how older people should treat young people during this stage of life. Our ideas about how to raise children are beliefs decided and shared by the social community. Race is a human-invented, shorthand term used to describe and categorize people into various social groups based on characteristics like skin color, physical features, and genetic heredity. Race, while not a valid biological concept, is a real social construction that gives or denies benefits and privileges. American society developed the notion of race early in its formation to justify its new economic system of capitalism, which depended on the institution of forced labor, especially the enslavement of African peoples. To more accurately understand how race and its counterpart, THE INVENTION OF RACE The concept of “race,” as we understand it today, evolved alongside the formation of the United States and was deeply connected with th...