Total number of atp formed during glycolysis from 1 molecule of glucose

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the tissues, the process of cellular respiration begins (Figure 1). This section will focus first on glycolysis, a process where the monosaccharide glucose is oxidized, rel...

Among the four stages of cellular respiration, pyruvate oxidation is kind of the odd one out; it’s relatively short in comparison to the extensive pathways of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. But that doesn’t make it unimportant! On the contrary, pyruvate oxidation is a key connector that links glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration. At the end of glycolysis, we have two pyruvate molecules that still contain lots of extractable energy. Pyruvate oxidation is the next step in capturing the remaining energy in the form of ATP \text ATP start text, A, T, P, end text is made directly during pyruvate oxidation. In eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost compartment of mitochondria. In prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm. Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate—a three-carbon molecule—into acetyl CoA \text CoA start text, C, o, A, end text acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration. Step 3. The oxidized two-carbon molecule—an acetyl group, highlighted in green—is attached to Coenzyme A ( CoA \text CoA start text, C, o, A, end text is sometimes called a carrier molecule, and its job here is to carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle. The steps above are carried out by a large enzyme complex called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which consists of three interconnected enzymes and includes over 60 subunits. At a couple of stages, the reaction intermediates actually form covalent bonds to ...

TCA CYCLE III. The Tricarboxylic Acid [TCA] Cycle occurs in mitochondria. Each turn of the cycle produces one high-energy phosphate bond in the formation of GTP (high energy phosphate transferable to ADP to form ATP) and 4 reducing equivalents (3 NADH and 1 FADH 2). After the O 2-dependent processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, the total number of ATP produced per cycle is 10 (2.5 ATP from each NADH oxidized, 1.5 ATP from oxidation of FADH 2 and 1 GTP + ADP GDP + ATP ) Two molecules of pyruvate are generated from one molecule of glucose, fueling two turns of the TCA cycle. Glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose (6 carbons) yields a net of two molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH (= 5 ATP) and two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons). Each of the two molecules of pyruvate generated per glucose molecule is converted to acetyl CoA (step # 12), producing one molecule of NADH (= 2 NADH, or 5 ATP per molecule of glucose). Acetyl CoA then enters the TCA cycle. Thus the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields either 30 or 32 ATP, depending on which of two biochemical shuttles carries the electrons from the NADH produced by glycolysis across the mitochondrial membrane to the electron transport chain. Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose to lactate nets only 2 ATP per glucose molecule — no electrons from glucose are passed to the electron transport chain and no ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. • Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate by pyruv...

1 An Introduction to the Human Body • Introduction • 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body • 1.3 Functions of Human Life • 1.4 Requirements for Human Life • 1.5 Homeostasis • 1.6 Anatomical Terminology • 1.7 Medical Imaging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 2 The Chemical Level of Organization • Introduction • 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter • 2.2 Chemical Bonds • 2.3 Chemical Reactions • 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 3 The Cellular Level of Organization • Introduction • 3.1 The Cell Membrane • 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles • 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication • 3.4 Protein Synthesis • 3.5 Cell Growth and Division • 3.6 Cellular Differentiation • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 4 The Tissue Level of Organization • Introduction • 4.1 Types of Tissues • 4.2 Epithelial Tissue • 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects • 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion • 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response • 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 5 The Integumentary ...

The correct option is D oxidative phosphorylation During the complete oxidation of glucose, the highest number of ATP molecules are formed during the oxidative phosphorylation. During oxidative phosphorylation, 34 molecules of ATP are produced. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, link reaction (oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, there is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP. During the Krebs cycle, 2 ATP molecules are produced. During conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl coA, there is no synthesis of ATP. During electron transport chain, N A D H + H + and F A D H 2 formed during glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation and Krebs cycle undergo oxidation and release electrons. These energy rich electrons are utilised to synthesise ATP. A total of 10 molecules of N A D H + H + and 2 molecules of F A D H 2 are produced during various pathways of aerobic respiration. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH yields 3 ATP and oxidation of one molecule of F A D H 2 yields 2 ATP. Hence, a total of 34 ATP are generated during oxidative phosphorylation.

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the body digests carbohydrates • Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transporte...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how the body digests carbohydrates • Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transporte...

Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the processes of glycolysis • Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle • Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain • Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation • Summarize the process of gluconeogenesis Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants). During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the tissues, the process of cellular respiration begins (Figure 1). This section will focus first on glycolysis, a process where the monosaccharide glucose is oxidized, rel...

The correct option is D oxidative phosphorylation During the complete oxidation of glucose, the highest number of ATP molecules are formed during the oxidative phosphorylation. During oxidative phosphorylation, 34 molecules of ATP are produced. Aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, link reaction (oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, there is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP. During the Krebs cycle, 2 ATP molecules are produced. During conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl coA, there is no synthesis of ATP. During electron transport chain, N A D H + H + and F A D H 2 formed during glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation and Krebs cycle undergo oxidation and release electrons. These energy rich electrons are utilised to synthesise ATP. A total of 10 molecules of N A D H + H + and 2 molecules of F A D H 2 are produced during various pathways of aerobic respiration. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH yields 3 ATP and oxidation of one molecule of F A D H 2 yields 2 ATP. Hence, a total of 34 ATP are generated during oxidative phosphorylation.

1 An Introduction to the Human Body • Introduction • 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body • 1.3 Functions of Human Life • 1.4 Requirements for Human Life • 1.5 Homeostasis • 1.6 Anatomical Terminology • 1.7 Medical Imaging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 2 The Chemical Level of Organization • Introduction • 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter • 2.2 Chemical Bonds • 2.3 Chemical Reactions • 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 3 The Cellular Level of Organization • Introduction • 3.1 The Cell Membrane • 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles • 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication • 3.4 Protein Synthesis • 3.5 Cell Growth and Division • 3.6 Cellular Differentiation • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 4 The Tissue Level of Organization • Introduction • 4.1 Types of Tissues • 4.2 Epithelial Tissue • 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects • 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion • 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response • 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging • Key Terms • Chapter Review • Interactive Link Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 5 The Integumentary ...