Toughness definition

for this question: "What is the difference between strength, hardness and toughness in materials?" i have searched and have found these following definitions Strength refers to resistance to deformation, and also to a large elastic range. In the Elastic region of the stress-strain relationship, the relationship is described by a linear function, such that σ = E ϵ, where σ is the stress, E is the Elastic modulus, and ϵ is the strain. Toughness is the resistance to failure or crack propagation. It is somewhat related to strength. Very strong materials will have low toughness, i.e. low tolerance for flaws or defects, i.e. incipient cracks. Reference i don't understand those definitions. Aren't deformation and failure one? Are toughness, strength and hardness both the ability to resist external forces? Strength = Ability of a material to withstand an applied load. There are several different measures of strength. Two common measures are the ability to withstand a load without plastic deformation (yield strength) or without failure (ultimate strength). In the sketch below, Material 1 has higher strength than Material 2. It can carry more load both before deforming plastically and before failing. Toughness = Ability of a material to absorb energy without fracture. In a stress-strain curve, the area under the curve is often considered a measure of toughness. In the sketch below, Material 2 has higher toughness than Material 1. (I should have drawn them to be more obviously differ...

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… this wiry, tough, frenetic Algerian with the beneficent smile, who could vault over the bar and stiff-arm a drunk out into the night in less time than it takes to say Edgar Poe, and return, bland as butter, to take up where he left off … — William Styron, " The Paris Review," August 1953, in William Styron, This Quiet Dust And Other Writings, (1953) 1982 She had a tough time in college. Are you tough enough for the job? He's been hanging around with a bunch of tough guys. The rug is made of tough material. Adverb He talks tough but he's not really dangerous. Noun One night, after antagonizing a gang of older toughs, he had his face smashed in with a hockey stick. — John Harris, Rolling Stone, 14 Nov. 2002

Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of toughness (for high-strain rate, fracture toughness) is that it is a property that is indicative of a material’s resistance to fracture when a crack (or other stress-concentrating defect) is present. Toughness is typically measured by the Charpy test or the Izod test. The impact test measures toughness under conditions of sudden loading and the presence of flaws such as notches or cracks which will concentrate stress at weak points. Toughness is defined as the work required to deform one cubic inch of metal until it fractures. Toughness can also be defined with respect to regions of a Toughness is related to the area under the stress–strain curve. The stress-strain curve measures toughness under gradually increasing load. Tensile toughness is measured in units of joule per cubic metre (J·m −3) in the SI system. In order to be tough, a material must be both strong and ductile. The following figure shows a typical stress-strain curve of a ductile material and a brittle material. For example, brittle materials (like ceramics) that are strong but with limited ductility are not tough; conversely, very ductile materials with low strengths are also not tough. To be tough, a material should withstand both high stresses and high strains. Notch Toughness Notch toughness is measure of the energy absorbed (impact energy) during the fracture of a specimen (in the presenc...

Ductility is more commonly defined as the ability of a material to deform easily upon the application of a tensile force, or as the ability of a material to withstand plastic deformation without rupture. Ductility is an important factor in allowing a structure to survive extreme loads, such as those due large pressure changes, earthquakes and hurricanes, without experiencing a sudden failure or collapse. It is defined as: Ductility may also be thought of in terms of bendability and crushability. Usually, if two materials have the same strength and hardness, the one that has the higher ductility is more desirable. The ductility of many metals can change if conditions are altered. An increase in temperature will increase ductility. A decrease in temperature will cause a decrease in ductility and a change from ductile to brittle behavior. Ductile fracture (shear fracture) is better than brittle fracture, because there is slow propagation and an absorption of a large amount energy before fracture. Ductility is desirable in the high temperature and high pressure applications in reactor plants because of the added stresses on the metals. High ductility in these applications helps prevent brittle fracture. Ductility also contributes to another material property called toughness. Toughness combines strength and ductility in a single measurable property and requires a balance of strength and ductility. Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform w...

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