Ts of blastula under microscope

Virtual Mitosis Lab: Part II - Whitefish Blastula Introduction: Mitosis is considered nuclear division, since its main stages deal strictly with the nucleus and its contents (DNA). Mitosis consists of 4 major stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Mitosis is part of a larger process called the cell cycle. When a living organism needs new cells to repair damage, grow, or just maintain its condition, cells undergo the cell cycle. In this lab you are going to determine the approximate time it takes for a cell to pass through each of the four stages of mitosis. You may use your textbook and class notes to help you identify the stages of mitosis as seen under the microscope. Purpose: The student will correctly identify and draw four stages of mitosis using microscope slide images of onion root tips and whitefish blastulae. Procedure: The slides below show sections of whitefish blastula. The blastula is an early stage of embryo development, and represents a period in the organism's life when most of the cells are dividing consistently. Scroll through the slides, trying to find what you consider the best examples of the four stages of mitosis. When you are confident that you have identified each stage, perform a sketch of each stage on printer paper (NOT binder paper!) Make each drawing 4 cm square. Take your time, and remember to label each drawing with the phase that it represents. When you are done, answer the questions at the bottom of this page, and then turn ...

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Whitefish Mitosis Whitefish Mitosis A section of whitefish blastula at 400x Introduction Why are whitefish blastula used to study mitosis? The blastula is an early stage of embryo development and represents a period in the organism's life when most of the cells are constantly dividing. Moreover, the dividing cell have very large and easily seen chromosomes, so its easy to find lots of cells in each stage of mitosis.Human chromosomes on the other hand, are are not clearly visible at higher power magnification. So, for student purposes, whitefish blastula are used. Interphase Whitefish blastula cells in interphase The three phases of Interphase G1 Phase Growth: the cell grows in size and carry out their normal day to day activities. S Phase Prior to mitosis, the cell readies itself by duplicating its chromosomes and other cellular contents. The chromosomes at this stage are dispersed and not visible using a light microscope. Before DNA synthesis, each of the cell’s chromosomes consist of one chromatid. After DNA synthesis, each of the cell’s chromosomes consist of 2 genetically identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere. G2 Phase The cell prepares the enzymes and machinery for mitosis. Prophase Whitefish blastula cells in early prophase During early prophase, the chromosomes condense, making them distinguishable when using a light microscope. The nuclear envelope disperses.During late prophase, the nucleoli disappear and the mitotic spindle apparatus assembles.Th...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • Introduction In these laboratory activities, you will be examining real cells that have been frozen in time in the midst of undergoing the various phases of the cell cycle. To better examine the many cell cycle stages that occur with real cells, we use cells that are undergoing a high amount of cell division. One great source of rapidly dividing animal cells is in early embryonic development. A blastula is a ball of cells in an early embryonic phase and is continuing to undergo rapid cell divisions. After egg and sperm meet, the fertilized ovum rapidly begins to divide and will go through this blastula stage. Since we are interested in studying cell division in humans (a type animal), and it would be unethical to examine human blastula, fish blastula are commonly used. Real cells can look quite different than the illustrated versions of cells in their cell cycle stages. To assist with recognizing these stages, examine the table above showing images of real animal cells. A description of features that can be used to identify cells in each stage is also provided. Note that these microscope slides are prepared using stains that stain the DNA (chromosomes/chromatids) a color that makes it more obvious such as purple, blue, or pink. The images above have the DNA stained dark purple. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase • Nucleus is present • Chromosomes are not condensed (cannot see individual thick strands) • Only one nucleus pres...

https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F43%253A_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development%2F43.05%253A_Fertilization_and_Early_Embryonic_Development%2F43.5B%253A_Cleavage_the_Blastula_Stage_and_Gastrulation Expand/collapse global hierarchy • Home • Bookshelves • Introductory and General Biology • Book: General Biology (Boundless) • 43: Animal Reproduction and Development • 43.5: Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development • 43.5B: Cleavage, the Blastula Stage, and Gastrulation Expand/collapse global location \( \newcommand\) • • • • • • A zygote undergoes rapid cell divisions (cleavage) to form a spherical ball of cells: the blastula; this will further develop into a blastocyst. Key Points • A single-celled zygote will undergo multiple rounds of cleavage, or cell division, in order to produced a ball of cells, called a blastula, with a fluid-filled cavity in its center, called a blastocoel. • In animals with little yolk in the egg, the zygote undergoes holoblastic cleavage, in which the entire zygote is cleaved repeatedly; in animals with a lot of yolk in the egg, the zygote undergoes meroblastic cleavage, in which only part of the zygote is cleaved. • The blastula eventually organizes itself into two layers: the inner cell mass (which will become the embryo) and the outer layer or trophoblast (which will become the placenta ); the structure...

Learning Objectives Having completed the lab on mitosis, you should be able to: • define the following terms: chromosome, spindle, centromere, centrosome, gametes, somatic, cytokinesis, cleavage furrow, homologues (homologous chromosomes), • list the stages of the cell cycle in order • describe the cellular events that occur during interphase (be sure to include the specific portions of interphase such as G1, S and G2) • describe the overall process of mitosis (what is the purpose and the outcome of mitosis) • describe the events of prophase of mitosis • describe the events of metaphase of mitosis • describe the events of anaphase of mitosis • describe the events of telophase of mitosis • explain what is meant by a diploid chromosome number versus a haploid chromosome number • if given the chromosome number of the parent cell, determine what the chromosome number of the daughter cells would be after mitosis Slideshow Introduction According to the cell theory of biology, all cells arise from pre-existing cells. In eukaryotes, this generally occurs by the process of mitotic cell division, which involves the separate but often coordinated processes of cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm and organelles) and mitosis (division of the nucleus and associated DNA). Mitosis without the co-occurance of cytokinesis leads to the production of multinucleated cells, such as those found naturally in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Mitotic cell division leads to the production of ge...

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\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • By Dr. Leah Howell, Dalton State College Introduction: All cells come from preexisting cells and eukaryotic cells must undergo mitosis in order to form new cells. The replication of a cell is part of the overall cell cycle ( Figure 1) which is composed of interphase and M phase (mitotic phase). M phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis, is the portion of the cell cycle where the cell divides, reproducing itself. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and its contents. In mitosis, DNA which has been copied in the S phase of interphase is separated into two individual copies. Each copy will end up in its own cell at the end of M phase. Mitosis has several steps: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase ( Figure 2). The spindle fibers, which are formed by the cell as mitosis progresses, are used to attach to chromosomes, align them down the middle of the cell, and pull chromosomes apart into their identical individual chromatids which will end up in separate cells. As mitosis is nearing its end and the cell is in telophase, the cytoplasm also divides so that both new cells will have their own fluid, organelles, etc. This division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis. Mitosis and cytokinesis can be viewed under a microscope. Procedure: • Obtain a slide of a whitefish blastula for observation of the stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Since early embryogenesis involves rapid cellular division, the whitefish ...