Ts of thyroid gland

Thyroid drugs (thyroid hormones) are used to supplement Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to meet the needs of the body. Doctors may use the term “an Our thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland that is located just below the Adam’s apple, along the front of the windpipe. Even though thyroid hormones are made in the thyroid gland, the production of these hormones is regulated by another hormone, called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which is made by the pituitary gland (a pea-shaped organ found at the base of the brain). If thyroid hormone levels are low, then our metabolism and many other body functions slow down. Another condition, called What are thyroid drugs used for? Thyroid drugs are used to treat hypothyroidism, also referred to as an underactive thyroid. Even though the thyroid produces two hormones, T3 and T4, T4 is most commonly prescribed to treat hypothyroidism. The only way to test for hypothyroidism is with a blood test, as symptoms vary significantly between people and are similar to several other conditions. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include: • Cold intolerance • • Decreased sweating • • Frequent urinary and respiratory tract infections • Heavy periods • Joint and • Loss of sex drive • Puffy face, feet, and hands • • Slowed heart rate • Thin brittle hair or fingernails • Tiredness and • Weight gain. If hypothyroidism develops in children or teenagers it may affect their growth; interfere...

Overview Location of thyroid. What is a thyroidectomy? A thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all (total thyroidectomy) or part (partial thyroidectomy) of your thyroid gland — the butterfly-shaped organ in your neck. Thyroidectomy is the main surgical treatment for • Thyroid nodules: A thyroid nodule is a growth (lump) of thyroid cells in your thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are usually benign (noncancerous), but they can be malignant (cancerous). Sometimes, thyroid nodules can produce excess thyroid hormone, which causes certain symptoms. • Goiter: Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland with or without thyroid nodules. If it grows large enough, it can put pressure on your • Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is a condition in which your thyroid creates and releases more hormones than you need. It has several causes, and surgery is one of the treatment options for the condition. Types of thyroid cancer include: • • • • • Primary thyroid lymphoma (surgery is limited to obtaining a tissue biopsy). • What is the thyroid? Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck under your skin. It’s a part of your Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it. Your thyroid’s main job is to control the speed of your There are two main parts of your thyroid: the two...

• University of Michigan Health. • MedlinePlus. • American Thyroid Association. • Rajendran A, Bhavani N, Nair V, et al. Eur Thyroid J. Published online June 11, 2020:1-7. doi:10.11592F000507855 • Wilson SA, Stem LA, Bruehlman RD. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(10):605-613. • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

Synonyms: Glandula thyreoidea Many homeostatic processes that occur within the body are dependent on various supporting hormonal systems for efficient functioning. The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ located in the Thyroid hormones are able to diffuse freely across cell membranes. They can then enter the Key facts Function Secretes thyroid hormones that regulate body metabolism (T3, T4) and calcium homeostasis ( calcitonine) Anatomy Left lobe, right lobe, isthmus, pyramidal lobe (may be absent) Histology Cells: thyrocytes (synthesize thyroglobulin from which T3 and T4 are released), parafollicular (C) cells (secrete calcitonine) Functional unit: thyroid follicle - central lumen filled with colloid (storage of thyroglobuline) surrounded by thyrocytes and C-cells Endocrine control Increased TRH (hypothalamus) -> increased TSH (pituitary gland) -> increased synthesis thyroid hormones (->decreased TRH - negative feedback loop) Vascularization Arteries: superior and inferior thyroid arteries Veins: superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins Innervation Cervical ganglion (sympathetic), recurrent laryngeal nerve (parasympathetic) Clinical relations Ectopia, adult thyroid disease The goal of this article is to discuss the embryology, Embryology The pharyngeal apparatus is responsible for the formation of numerous parts of the foramen caecum. This thyroid primordium subsequently enlarges and is attached to the floor of the primitive pharynx by a hollow tube known as the thyro...