Two biodegradable components of municipal solid waste are

The USA, China and India are the top three producers of municipal solid waste. The composition of solid wastes varies with income: low-to-middle-income population generates mainly organic wastes, whereas high-income population produces more waste paper, metals and glasses. Management of municipal solid waste includes recycling, incineration, waste-to-energy conversion, composting or landfilling. Landfilling for solid waste disposal is preferred in many municipalities globally. Landfill sites act as ecological reactors where wastes undergo physical, chemical and biological transformations. Hence, critical factors for sustainable landfilling are landfill liners, the thickness of the soil cover, leachate collection, landfill gas recovery and flaring facilities. Here, we review the impact of landfill conditions such as construction, geometry, weather, temperature, moisture, pH, biodegradable matter and hydrogeological parameters on the generation of landfill gases and leachate. Bioreactor landfills appear as the next-generation sanitary landfills, because they augment solid waste stabilization in a time-efficient manner, as a result of controlled recirculation of leachate and gases. We discuss volume reduction, resource recovery, valorization of dumped wastes, environmental protection and site reclamation toward urban development. We present the classifications and engineered iterations of landfills, operations, mechanisms and mining. CO 2 : Carbon dioxide CO: Carbon monoxide ...

• العربية • Azərbaycanca • Bân-lâm-gú • Беларуская (тарашкевіца) • Català • Čeština • Deutsch • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • Français • 한국어 • Hausa • Հայերեն • हिन्दी • Bahasa Indonesia • Íslenska • मराठी • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • සිංහල • Suomi • Svenska • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • 粵語 • 中文 • v • t • e Municipal solid waste ( MSW), commonly known as trash or rubbish in Composition [ ] The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing. • • • • Electrical and • Composite wastes: waste • • • For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles. Components of solid waste management [ ] The municipal solid waste industry has four components: Collection [ ] The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source [ ] Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until th...

Waste generation has become a global challenge these days. According to a World Bank report, a 70% spike in waste generation is observed each year. Today, 2.01 billion metric tons of waste are being produced worldwide, and by 2050 it is expected to reach 3.5 billion metric tons. The management and disposal of this tremendous amount of waste is a challenging task for all nations. An average of 40% of the produced waste is landfilled, 33% openly discarded, 19% recycled, 11% incinerated and the rest is handled by one or the other conventional methods. Such practices in solid waste management would have both adverse environmental and economic impacts. New generation technologies involve product modification, product change, and a product replacement to minimize waste generation. Next comes waste storage that involves separate recycling bins, smart bins, underground bins, compost bins, etc. which allows storing more waste in smaller places by compacting; and can be designed to incorporate with the internet of things for data sharing. The present chapter identifies the best possible tools, such as the geographic information system and remote sensing, used to identify, determine, and track the collection path to reduce fuel consumption and collection time. Moreover, newly developed and updated waste management technologies such as incineration, refused derived fuel, rapid composting, fuel cell technology, bioreactor landfill, etc. are discussed that will lead to a progressive soc...

Ram, C., Kumar, A., and Rani, P. (2021). " Municipal solid waste management: A review of waste to energy (WtE) approaches," BioResources 16(2), 4275-4320. Abstract Global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation will increase to 2.2 billion tons per year by 2025 as per the World Bank projection. Improper waste management often leads to environmental degradation (i.e. water, air and soil pollution), transmission of diseases, and the release of greenhouse gases emissions, which contributes to climate change. To combat these problems, several countries are following the waste to energy (WtE) approach, which significantly reduces the volume of waste and generates renewable energy. Thus, the present study focuses on the municipal solid waste generation, composition, and waste to energy conversion technologies. Thermal conversion processes including incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification for heat, bio-oil, and syngas generation are already well established and are being employed in several countries. Currently, researchers are trying to improve the efficiency of biochemical methods such as anaerobic digestion, microbial fermentation, and microbial fuel cells for biogas, biohydrogen, and bioelectricity generation from MSW. This review explains the recent focus on microbial fermentation and microbial fuel cells for biofuels and bioelectricity production. Development of these technologies can lead to suitable eco-friendly approaches for the future. WtE technologies are important c...

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous unavoidable by-product generated by human activities in commercial and residential areas. With economic growth, population explosion, urbanization, industrialization, and better living standards in cities, India is facing the problem of MSW management and disposal. Municipal authorities are not able to manage increasing quantities of waste in an efficient way, due to which considerable MSW can be seen on the roads and other public places, which results in several environmental and health-related problems that are increasing. Therefore, ineffective MSW management is one of the major environmental issues in most Indian cities, which require serious attention. MSW generation rate and detailed composition analysis play a major role to develop an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly MSW management system. This paper aims to characterize the waste generated in Haridwar city and review of the existing situation of MSW management. A total of 10 samples (A to J, one sample per week) have been collected (5 in summer and 5 in winter) from MSW dumpsite of Haridwar city. All samples have been detailed physically characterized to find out the composition of each component of MSW. Also, the moisture content of each component of each sample has been determined. The main components of MSW were organics (49%), inert (17%), plastics (10%), paper and textile (9%), and metal (7%). The detailed composition analysis shows that organic...

The USA, China and India are the top three producers of municipal solid waste. The composition of solid wastes varies with income: low-to-middle-income population generates mainly organic wastes, whereas high-income population produces more waste paper, metals and glasses. Management of municipal solid waste includes recycling, incineration, waste-to-energy conversion, composting or landfilling. Landfilling for solid waste disposal is preferred in many municipalities globally. Landfill sites act as ecological reactors where wastes undergo physical, chemical and biological transformations. Hence, critical factors for sustainable landfilling are landfill liners, the thickness of the soil cover, leachate collection, landfill gas recovery and flaring facilities. Here, we review the impact of landfill conditions such as construction, geometry, weather, temperature, moisture, pH, biodegradable matter and hydrogeological parameters on the generation of landfill gases and leachate. Bioreactor landfills appear as the next-generation sanitary landfills, because they augment solid waste stabilization in a time-efficient manner, as a result of controlled recirculation of leachate and gases. We discuss volume reduction, resource recovery, valorization of dumped wastes, environmental protection and site reclamation toward urban development. We present the classifications and engineered iterations of landfills, operations, mechanisms and mining. CO 2 : Carbon dioxide CO: Carbon monoxide ...

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous unavoidable by-product generated by human activities in commercial and residential areas. With economic growth, population explosion, urbanization, industrialization, and better living standards in cities, India is facing the problem of MSW management and disposal. Municipal authorities are not able to manage increasing quantities of waste in an efficient way, due to which considerable MSW can be seen on the roads and other public places, which results in several environmental and health-related problems that are increasing. Therefore, ineffective MSW management is one of the major environmental issues in most Indian cities, which require serious attention. MSW generation rate and detailed composition analysis play a major role to develop an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly MSW management system. This paper aims to characterize the waste generated in Haridwar city and review of the existing situation of MSW management. A total of 10 samples (A to J, one sample per week) have been collected (5 in summer and 5 in winter) from MSW dumpsite of Haridwar city. All samples have been detailed physically characterized to find out the composition of each component of MSW. Also, the moisture content of each component of each sample has been determined. The main components of MSW were organics (49%), inert (17%), plastics (10%), paper and textile (9%), and metal (7%). The detailed composition analysis shows that organic...

Ram, C., Kumar, A., and Rani, P. (2021). " Municipal solid waste management: A review of waste to energy (WtE) approaches," BioResources 16(2), 4275-4320. Abstract Global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation will increase to 2.2 billion tons per year by 2025 as per the World Bank projection. Improper waste management often leads to environmental degradation (i.e. water, air and soil pollution), transmission of diseases, and the release of greenhouse gases emissions, which contributes to climate change. To combat these problems, several countries are following the waste to energy (WtE) approach, which significantly reduces the volume of waste and generates renewable energy. Thus, the present study focuses on the municipal solid waste generation, composition, and waste to energy conversion technologies. Thermal conversion processes including incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification for heat, bio-oil, and syngas generation are already well established and are being employed in several countries. Currently, researchers are trying to improve the efficiency of biochemical methods such as anaerobic digestion, microbial fermentation, and microbial fuel cells for biogas, biohydrogen, and bioelectricity generation from MSW. This review explains the recent focus on microbial fermentation and microbial fuel cells for biofuels and bioelectricity production. Development of these technologies can lead to suitable eco-friendly approaches for the future. WtE technologies are important c...

• العربية • Azərbaycanca • Bân-lâm-gú • Беларуская (тарашкевіца) • Català • Čeština • Deutsch • Español • Esperanto • Euskara • Français • 한국어 • Hausa • Հայերեն • हिन्दी • Bahasa Indonesia • Íslenska • मराठी • Bahasa Melayu • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Română • Русский • සිංහල • Suomi • Svenska • ไทย • Türkçe • Українська • اردو • 粵語 • 中文 • v • t • e Municipal solid waste ( MSW), commonly known as trash or rubbish in Composition [ ] The composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly from residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for processing. • • • • Electrical and • Composite wastes: waste • • • For example, typical municipal solid waste in China is composed of 55.9% food residue, 8.5% paper, 11.2% plastics, 3.2% textiles, 2.9% wood waste, 0.8% rubber, and 18.4% non-combustibles. Components of solid waste management [ ] The municipal solid waste industry has four components: Collection [ ] The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site. Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source [ ] Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until th...

Waste generation has become a global challenge these days. According to a World Bank report, a 70% spike in waste generation is observed each year. Today, 2.01 billion metric tons of waste are being produced worldwide, and by 2050 it is expected to reach 3.5 billion metric tons. The management and disposal of this tremendous amount of waste is a challenging task for all nations. An average of 40% of the produced waste is landfilled, 33% openly discarded, 19% recycled, 11% incinerated and the rest is handled by one or the other conventional methods. Such practices in solid waste management would have both adverse environmental and economic impacts. New generation technologies involve product modification, product change, and a product replacement to minimize waste generation. Next comes waste storage that involves separate recycling bins, smart bins, underground bins, compost bins, etc. which allows storing more waste in smaller places by compacting; and can be designed to incorporate with the internet of things for data sharing. The present chapter identifies the best possible tools, such as the geographic information system and remote sensing, used to identify, determine, and track the collection path to reduce fuel consumption and collection time. Moreover, newly developed and updated waste management technologies such as incineration, refused derived fuel, rapid composting, fuel cell technology, bioreactor landfill, etc. are discussed that will lead to a progressive soc...