What is the function of ser

Families of serine proteases family Examples SB S8, S53 SC S9, S10, S15, S28, S33, S37 SE S11, S12, S13 SF S24, S26 SH S21, S73, S77, S78, S80 Cytomegalovirus SJ S16, S50, S69 SK S14, S41, S49 SO S74 Phage K1F endosialidase CIMCD self-cleaving protein (Enterobacteria SP S59 SR S60 SS S66 ST S54 S1, S3, S6, S7, S29, S30, S31, S32, S39, S46, S55, S64, S65, S75 PB S45, S63 PC S51 PE P1 None S48, S62, S68, S71, S72, S79, S81 Substrate specificity [ ] Serine proteases are characterised by a distinctive structure, consisting of two beta-barrel domains that converge at the catalytic active site. These Trypsin-like [ ] Trypsin-like proteases cleave peptide bonds following a positively charged amino acid ( Chymotrypsin-like [ ] The S1 pocket of chymotrypsin-like enzymes is more hydrophobic than in trypsin-like proteases. This results in a specificity for medium to large sized hydrophobic residues, such as Thrombin-like [ ] These include Elastase-like [ ] Elastase-like proteases have a much smaller S1 cleft than either trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like proteases. Consequently, residues such as Subtilisin-like [ ] Catalytic mechanism [ ] The main player in the catalytic mechanism in the serine proteases is the catalytic triad. The triad is located in the active site of the enzyme, where catalysis occurs, and is preserved in all In the event of catalysis, an ordered mechanism occurs in which several intermediates are generated. The catalysis of the peptide cleavage can be seen as a Each a...

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a type of endoplasmic reticulum consisting of flattened sacs, studded with protein-synthesizing particles termed • The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a part of the endomembrane system that is present in the cytoplasm of the cell. • The organelle is involved in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins to different organelles within the cell or outside of the cell. • The name ‘rough’ ER is given due to the appearance of ribosomes on the surface as studs under the microscope. • Found both in plant and animal cells, the RER membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane. • It is usually located near the Golgi apparatus, and the protein synthesized in the ribosomes on RER are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi body. • Rough ER is primarily made up of flattened sacs called cisternae with few tubules. The membrane is also provided with an essential protein complex termed translocon, which is vital for translation within RER. • The ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum with the help of the group of proteins, termed ribophorins. • The structure of rough ER is based on the presence of cytoskeletal elements like microtubules, where changes in microtubules cause changes to the structure of RER. • Besides, the ribosomes present on the rough ER often detach themselves and develop into individual cisternae. • Within the lumen of the RER, newly formed proteins under...

Required to find symbol error rate vs $E_b/N_0$ for 4QAM, 16QAM & 32QAM. Thought that SER & BER are the same but did my research to find that BER is $1/\log_2(M)$ of SER. Could you please confirm this? Also found SER for: • 4QAM to be: $\displaystyle \text$ Are these values correct? Still have problems to find SER for 32QAM... Hope you can help. $\begingroup$ @JohnSmith: The problem is that there isn't a standard definition of what 32-QAM is. For non-square QAM modulations, there are multiple geometries in which you could implement the constellation, will have an effect on the error rate. You need to specify the exact constellation in order to calculate its theoretical SER. $\endgroup$ $\begingroup$ Your formulas for BER as a function of SER, the SER for 4QAM and the SER for 16QAM are incorrect. For the correct formulas for SER, see the answers to the question referenced by Matt L. In my answer there, I give a link to lecture notes that cover the SER calculations and show how to find an approximation to the BER for 4QAM and 16QAM (assuming Gray coding on both I and Q signals). The SER calculations can be extended to the 32QAM constellation (36QAM minus 4 corner points) that you are interested in; BER is messier. $\endgroup$ I will try to give a relatively simple answer to a complex question. I will not give any exact expressions for the error rates for two reasons. The first I stated in my initial sentence, the second is that from your formulas I can see that you only look...

The The endoplasmic reticulum can be classified in two functionally distinct forms, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The morphological distinction between the two is the presence of protein-synthesizing particles, called The The functions of the SER, a meshwork of fine tubular membrane vesicles, vary considerably from cell to cell. One important role is the synthesis of In The The RER is generally a series of connected flattened sacs. It plays a central role in the The signal signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP also binds to the ribosome to halt further formation of the protein. The membrane of the ER contains Within the lumen, proteins that will be secreted from the cell diffuse into the transitional portion of the ER, a region that is largely free of ribosomes. There the molecules are packaged into small membrane-bounded transport vesicles, which separate from the ER membrane and move through the cytoplasm to a target membrane, usually the Golgi complex. There the transport vesicle membrane fuses with the Golgi membrane, and the contents of the vesicle are delivered into the lumen of the Golgi. This, like all processes of vesicle budding and fusion, preserves the sidedness of the membranes; that is, the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane always faces outward, and the luminal contents are always Certain nonsecretory proteins made on the RER remain part of the membrane system of the cell. These membrane proteins have...

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum have a very important role of detoxification in the liver cells of vertebrates. Besides the usual function of synthesizing lipids and fatty acids, the SER in the liver detoxify drugs and convert them to less toxic substances which are then readily eliminated through the excretory organs.