What is the net gain of atp when each molecule of glucose

The correct answer is option b. Glycolysis is the process of converting two glucose molecules into two pyruvic acid molecules. The conversion of glucose to pyruvate occurs in two stages: the preparatory phase and the pay-off phase. Two ATPs (adenosine triphosphate) are used in the preparation phase to activate glucose and convert it into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. During the pay-off phase, two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules are converted into two pyruvic acid molecules, yielding four ATPs. As a result, glycolysis creates four ATPs, but because two ATPs are utilized in the initial stages of glycolysis, the overall yield is two ATP molecules per glucose. Hence, option b is the correct answer. Subject: Biology Subject: Introduction to Biology The role of carbon is central to the molecules that make up life. Please answer the questions below: • What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Explain three of the major elements that you think are important in addition to Carbon. (more) Subject: Introduction to Biology The role of carbon is central to the molecules that make up life. Please answer the questions below: • What makes ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? Explain your answer and add sources/citations to support your answer. • Why...

Fermentation is a widespread pathway, but it is not the only way to get energy from fuels anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen). Some living systems instead use an inorganic molecule other than O 2 \text _2 O 2 ​ start text, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript , such as sulfate, as a final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain. This process, called anaerobic cellular respiration, is performed by some bacteria and archaea. Anaerobic cellular respiration is similar to aerobic cellular respiration in that electrons extracted from a fuel molecule are passed through an electron transport chain, driving ATP \text^-) ( NO 3 − ​ ) left parenthesis, start text, N, O, end text, start subscript, 3, end subscript, start superscript, minus, end superscript, right parenthesis , sulfur, or one of a variety of other molecules 1 ^1 1 start superscript, 1, end superscript . What kinds of organisms use anaerobic cellular respiration? Some prokaryotes—bacteria and archaea—that live in low-oxygen environments rely on anaerobic respiration to break down fuels. For example, some archaea called methanogens can use carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor, producing methane as a by-product. Methanogens are found in soil and in the digestive systems of ruminants, a group of animals including cows and sheep. Similarly, sulfate-reducing bacteria and Archaea use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S ) (\text H_2\text S) ( H 2 ​ S ) ...

TCA CYCLE III. The Tricarboxylic Acid [TCA] Cycle occurs in mitochondria. Each turn of the cycle produces one high-energy phosphate bond in the formation of GTP (high energy phosphate transferable to ADP to form ATP) and 4 reducing equivalents (3 NADH and 1 FADH 2). After the O 2-dependent processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, the total number of ATP produced per cycle is 10 (2.5 ATP from each NADH oxidized, 1.5 ATP from oxidation of FADH 2 and 1 GTP + ADP GDP + ATP ) Two molecules of pyruvate are generated from one molecule of glucose, fueling two turns of the TCA cycle. Glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose (6 carbons) yields a net of two molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH (= 5 ATP) and two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons). Each of the two molecules of pyruvate generated per glucose molecule is converted to acetyl CoA (step # 12), producing one molecule of NADH (= 2 NADH, or 5 ATP per molecule of glucose). Acetyl CoA then enters the TCA cycle. Thus the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields either 30 or 32 ATP, depending on which of two biochemical shuttles carries the electrons from the NADH produced by glycolysis across the mitochondrial membrane to the electron transport chain. Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose to lactate nets only 2 ATP per glucose molecule — no electrons from glucose are passed to the electron transport chain and no ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation. • Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate by pyruv...