What is the net gain of atp when each molecule of glucose is converted

• • • • Question:What is the amount of ATP yield per one glucose molecule? Is this amount always achieved? If not explain what happens to a cell's essential metabolites when the requirement for biosynthesis is greater than the cells energy requirement? When the biosynthesis requirement is less than its energy requirement? (20) What is the amount of ATP yield per one glucose molecule? Is this amount always achieved? If not explain what happens to a cell's essential metabolites when the requirement for biosynthesis is greater than the cells energy requirement? When the biosynthesis requirement is less than its energy requirement? (20) Previous question Next question

• Article • • 09 June 2023 Unlocking the potentials of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for directly converting carbon dioxide into glucose • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-6486 • • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-4342 • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-9196 Show authors Nature Communications volume 14, Article number: 3425 ( 2023) Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, serving as an essential energy source for cells in all domains of life and as an important feedstock for the biorefinery industry. The plant-biomass-sugar route dominates the current glucose supply, while the direct conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose through photosynthesis is not well studied. Here, we show that the potential of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for photosynthetic glucose production can be unlocked by preventing native glucokinase activity. Knocking out two glucokinase genes causes intracellular accumulation of glucose and promotes the formation of a spontaneous mutation in the genome, which eventually leads to glucose secretion. Without heterologous catalysis or transportation genes, glucokinase deficiency and spontaneous genomic mutation lead to a glucose secretion of 1.5 g/L, which is further increased to 5 g/L through metabolic and cultivation engineering. These findings underline the cyanobacterial metabolism plasticities and demonstrate their applications for supporting the direct photosynthetic production of glucose. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide ...

Anaerobic Glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis is the main pathway responsible for supplying the cell with both ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADH), a cofactor for methaemoglobin reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the reduction of methaemoglobin to functional haemoglobin (see Fig. 27.2). From: Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects (Third Edition), 2014 Related terms: • Mitochondrion • Neoplasm • Patient • Tissues • Ischemia • Oxidative Phosphorylation • Adenosine Triphosphate • Lactic Acid • Pyruvic Acid • Hypoxia George Stojan, Lisa Christopher-Stine, in Rheumatology (Sixth Edition), 2015 Glycogen/glucose metabolism ( Fig. 151.1) Anaerobic glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway used in the setting of limited oxygen supply during exercise. It is used during high-intensity, sustained, isometric muscle activity. 1 It is inefficient from an energetic standpoint and produces only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, which is 19 times less than the full energy potential of a glucose molecule. Despite its inefficiency, it is a rapid process, approximately 100 times faster than oxidative phosphorylation. The final step in the pathway is conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which leads to accumulation of lactic acid. Aerobic glycolysis is more efficient; however, the price needed to maintain this system is high: it requires functional mitochondria, a functioning circulatory system with a constant oxygen supply, and the ability to eliminate ca...

• Article • • 09 June 2023 Unlocking the potentials of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for directly converting carbon dioxide into glucose • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-6486 • • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5911-4342 • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-9196 Show authors Nature Communications volume 14, Article number: 3425 ( 2023) Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, serving as an essential energy source for cells in all domains of life and as an important feedstock for the biorefinery industry. The plant-biomass-sugar route dominates the current glucose supply, while the direct conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose through photosynthesis is not well studied. Here, we show that the potential of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for photosynthetic glucose production can be unlocked by preventing native glucokinase activity. Knocking out two glucokinase genes causes intracellular accumulation of glucose and promotes the formation of a spontaneous mutation in the genome, which eventually leads to glucose secretion. Without heterologous catalysis or transportation genes, glucokinase deficiency and spontaneous genomic mutation lead to a glucose secretion of 1.5 g/L, which is further increased to 5 g/L through metabolic and cultivation engineering. These findings underline the cyanobacterial metabolism plasticities and demonstrate their applications for supporting the direct photosynthetic production of glucose. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide ...

• • • • Question:What is the amount of ATP yield per one glucose molecule? Is this amount always achieved? If not explain what happens to a cell's essential metabolites when the requirement for biosynthesis is greater than the cells energy requirement? When the biosynthesis requirement is less than its energy requirement? (20) The amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) produced per glucose molecule varies depending on the unique pathway of glucose metabolism. In widespread use, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP from one glucose molecule through cell respiration is 36–38 ATP. This consists of the net gain of ATP from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, which takes place inside the cytoplasm, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. This technique produces a net advantage of two ATP molecules and a couple of NADH molecules, which can be similarly utilised inside the electron transport chain to produce more ATP. What is the amount of ATP yield per one glucose molecule? Is this amount always achieved? If not explain what happens to a cell's essential metabolites when the requirement for biosynthesis is greater than the cells energy requirement? When the biosynthesis requirement is less than its energy requirement? (20) Previous question Next question

Anaerobic Glycolysis Anaerobic glycolysis is the main pathway responsible for supplying the cell with both ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADH), a cofactor for methaemoglobin reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the reduction of methaemoglobin to functional haemoglobin (see Fig. 27.2). From: Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects (Third Edition), 2014 Related terms: • Mitochondrion • Neoplasm • Patient • Tissues • Ischemia • Oxidative Phosphorylation • Adenosine Triphosphate • Lactic Acid • Pyruvic Acid • Hypoxia George Stojan, Lisa Christopher-Stine, in Rheumatology (Sixth Edition), 2015 Glycogen/glucose metabolism ( Fig. 151.1) Anaerobic glycolysis is the main metabolic pathway used in the setting of limited oxygen supply during exercise. It is used during high-intensity, sustained, isometric muscle activity. 1 It is inefficient from an energetic standpoint and produces only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, which is 19 times less than the full energy potential of a glucose molecule. Despite its inefficiency, it is a rapid process, approximately 100 times faster than oxidative phosphorylation. The final step in the pathway is conversion of pyruvate to lactate, which leads to accumulation of lactic acid. Aerobic glycolysis is more efficient; however, the price needed to maintain this system is high: it requires functional mitochondria, a functioning circulatory system with a constant oxygen supply, and the ability to eliminate ca...

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates. Glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway, meaning that it evolved long ago, and it is found in the great majority of organisms alive today 2 , 3 ^ 2 , 3 start superscript, 2, comma, 3, end superscript . Glycolysis has ten steps, and depending on your interests—and the classes you’re taking—you may want to know the details of all of them. However, you may also be looking for a greatest hits version of glycolysis, something that highlights the key steps and principles without tracing the fate of every single atom. Let’s start with a simplified version of the pathway that does just that. • Energy-requiring phase. In this phase, the starting molecule of glucose gets rearranged, and two phosphate groups are attached to it. The phosphate groups make the modified sugar—now called fructose-1,6-bisphosphate—unstable, allowing it to split in half and form two phosphate-bearing three-carbon sugars. Because the phosphates used in these steps come from ATP \text ATP start text, A, T, P, end text molecules get used up. Energy investment phase. Glucose is first converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a series of steps that use up two ATP. Then, unstable fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits in two, forming two three-carbon molecules called DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can continue with the next steps of the pathway, and DH...