What is the net gain of atp when each molecule of glucose is converted to

Enolase extracts a water molecule from 2-Phosphoglycerate to yield Phosphoenolpyruvate (normal humans usually call this PEP, I wouldn't try pronouncing any of these crazy words) during glycolysis. It arranges the molecule in a way where the PEP becomes very unstable. This prepares the PEP for the final reaction in glycolysis where the PEP is turned into Pyruvate. This ends glycolysis and the pyruvate is ready for the Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle. Hope this helps! In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation when the substrate gains a phosphate group and the high energy molecule of ATP donates a phosphate group (producing a phosphorylated substrate and ADP). Conversely, it is referred to as dephosphorylation when the phosphorylated substrate donates a phosphate group and ADP gains a phosphate group (producing a dephosphorylated substrate and the high energy molecule of ATP). These two processes, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, occur four times during glycolysis. Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases are not to be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups. H⁺ is the difference — pyruvic acid is an acid and at physiological pH it will donate H⁺ to water to form it...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • How do you slice a molecule of glucose in half? With sharp knives? Not really. But you essentially slice it in half through glycolysis. This is an extremely important part of cellular respiration. It happens all the time, both with and without oxygen. And in the process, transfers some energy to ATP. Cellular Respiration Stage I: Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. It does not require oxygen, and it does not take place in the mitochondrion - it takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. When was the last time you enjoyed yogurt on your breakfast cereal, or had a tetanus shot? These experiences may appear unconnected, but both relate to bacteria which do not use oxygen to make ATP. In fact, tetanus bacteria cannot survive if oxygen is present. However, Lactobacillus acidophilus (bacteria which make yogurt) and Clostridium tetani (bacteria which cause tetanus or lockjaw) share with nearly all organisms the first stage of cellular respiration, glycolysis. Because glycolysis is universal, whereas aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular respiration is not, most biologists consider it to be the most fundamental and primitive pathway for making ATP. Splitting Glucose The word glycolysis means “glucose splitting,” which is exactly what happens in this stage.Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid). This occurs in several steps, as shown in Figure In glycolysis, gluco...

Glycolysis is a 10 step process that releases energy from glucose and converts glucose into pyruvate. These reactions take place in the cytosol of cells and can happen in the presence or absence of oxygen. During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is used to produce a net two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH. The pyruvate may then be used in aerobic respiration or, in the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps of glycolysis can be divided into two parts. These are the energy-requiring phase (steps 1 – 5) and the energy-releasing phase (steps 6 – 10). Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate What is Glycolysis? Glycolysis (AKA the glycolytic pathway) is the metabolic process that releases energy from glucose. During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules, called pyruvates. At the same time, energy is extracted from glucose and converted into ATP, which is then used to fuel other cellular processes. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of cells, can happen with or without oxygen, and involves a series of 10 chemical reactions. The 10 Steps of Glycolysis There are energy-requiring phase of glycolysis and use up two molecules of ATP. Steps 6 – 10 are the energy-releasing phase, which produces four molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH. The net products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules are ATP, and two molecules of NADPH. ATP is produced by glycolys...

\( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • How do you slice a molecule of glucose in half? With sharp knives? Not really. But you essentially slice it in half through glycolysis. This is an extremely important part of cellular respiration. It happens all the time, both with and without oxygen. And in the process, transfers some energy to ATP. Cellular Respiration Stage I: Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis. It does not require oxygen, and it does not take place in the mitochondrion - it takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. When was the last time you enjoyed yogurt on your breakfast cereal, or had a tetanus shot? These experiences may appear unconnected, but both relate to bacteria which do not use oxygen to make ATP. In fact, tetanus bacteria cannot survive if oxygen is present. However, Lactobacillus acidophilus (bacteria which make yogurt) and Clostridium tetani (bacteria which cause tetanus or lockjaw) share with nearly all organisms the first stage of cellular respiration, glycolysis. Because glycolysis is universal, whereas aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular respiration is not, most biologists consider it to be the most fundamental and primitive pathway for making ATP. Splitting Glucose The word glycolysis means “glucose splitting,” which is exactly what happens in this stage.Enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid). This occurs in several steps, as shown in Figure In glycolysis, gluco...

Glycolysis is a 10 step process that releases energy from glucose and converts glucose into pyruvate. These reactions take place in the cytosol of cells and can happen in the presence or absence of oxygen. During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is used to produce a net two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH. The pyruvate may then be used in aerobic respiration or, in the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration. The 10 steps of glycolysis can be divided into two parts. These are the energy-requiring phase (steps 1 – 5) and the energy-releasing phase (steps 6 – 10). Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate What is Glycolysis? Glycolysis (AKA the glycolytic pathway) is the metabolic process that releases energy from glucose. During glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules, called pyruvates. At the same time, energy is extracted from glucose and converted into ATP, which is then used to fuel other cellular processes. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of cells, can happen with or without oxygen, and involves a series of 10 chemical reactions. The 10 Steps of Glycolysis There are energy-requiring phase of glycolysis and use up two molecules of ATP. Steps 6 – 10 are the energy-releasing phase, which produces four molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH. The net products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules are ATP, and two molecules of NADPH. ATP is produced by glycolys...

Enolase extracts a water molecule from 2-Phosphoglycerate to yield Phosphoenolpyruvate (normal humans usually call this PEP, I wouldn't try pronouncing any of these crazy words) during glycolysis. It arranges the molecule in a way where the PEP becomes very unstable. This prepares the PEP for the final reaction in glycolysis where the PEP is turned into Pyruvate. This ends glycolysis and the pyruvate is ready for the Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle. Hope this helps! In biochemistry, a kinase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation when the substrate gains a phosphate group and the high energy molecule of ATP donates a phosphate group (producing a phosphorylated substrate and ADP). Conversely, it is referred to as dephosphorylation when the phosphorylated substrate donates a phosphate group and ADP gains a phosphate group (producing a dephosphorylated substrate and the high energy molecule of ATP). These two processes, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, occur four times during glycolysis. Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases are not to be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups. H⁺ is the difference — pyruvic acid is an acid and at physiological pH it will donate H⁺ to water to form it...