What is the net gain of atp when each molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvic

Glucose is the first cycle of aerobic respiration. It produces two pyruvate molecules, a net gain of two ATP molecules and two NADH 2 ​ molecules at the end of the cycle. In glycolysis, 2 molecules of ATP are produced during conversion of 1, 3-biphosphoglyceric acid to 3-phosphoglyceric acid and 2-phosphoenol pyruvic acid to pyruvic acid each. However, out of these 4 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules are utilized during conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate. During the conversion of 2 molecules of 1, 3-diphosphoglyceraldehyde into 2 molecules of 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid, 2 molecules of NADH 2 ​ are formed. During aerobic respiration, each NADH 2 ​ forms 3 ATP and water.

My book for the 2015 MCAT has a page overviewing the net results of cellular respiration and it also mentions that from NADH 2.5 ATP can be made and from FADH2 1.5 ATP can be made. It also goes into depth about all the electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain and how many protons it pumps and what subunits make up each complex so I'm assuming anything in this video is fair game for the MCAT Easy-peasy. There is a theoretical maximum of 38 ATP produced from a single glucose molecule: 2 NADH produced in glycolysis (3 ATP each) + 8 NADH produced in Krebs cycle (3 ATP each) + 2 FADH2 produced I don't know where (2 ATP each) + 2 ATP produced in the Krebs cycle + 2 ATP produced in glycolysis = 6 + 24 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 38 ATP, theoretically. Hope that helps! The FADH2 doesn't directly produce the 6 H+ that gets pumped through the complexes. It produces the energy that enables the pumps to pump H+. There are a lot of H+ sources in the intermembrane space so it doesn't have to come from FADH2. Notice that FADH2 enters at complex 2 but the protons are pumped through complexes 3 and 4. This means that FADH2 is only providing the 2 electrons/ energy that travels down the transport chain and is used to pump the protons through. My MCAT review book says that if NADH takes one of the shuttle mechanisms it is ultimately converted to FADH2 where it will transfer its electrons to the ETC via CII, generating 1.5 ATP for each NADH. I'm sure the uncertainty lies in the fact that ...

4 Cell Structure • Introduction • 4.1 Studying Cells • 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells • 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells • 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins • 4.5 The Cytoskeleton • 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 6 Metabolism • Introduction • 6.1 Energy and Metabolism • 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy • 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate • 6.5 Enzymes • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 7 Cellular Respiration • Introduction • 7.1 Energy in Living Systems • 7.2 Glycolysis • 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle • 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation • 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen • 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways • 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 14 DNA Structure and Function • Introduction • 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding • 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing • 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication • 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes • 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes • 14.6 DNA Repair • Key Terms • Chapter Summary • Visual Connection Questions • Review Questions • Critical Thinking Questions • 15 Genes and Proteins • Introduction • 15.1 The Genetic Code • 15.2...

Concept: • Glycolysis was given by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred to as the EMP pathway. • It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is present in all living organisms. • In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. Explanation : • Glycolysis is the conversion of one glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. • During glycolysis, a total of 4 ATPs are produced, out of which two ATPs are utilized. • ATP is utilized in two steps: first in the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and second in the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. • Therefore, option 4 is the correctanswer. Additional information: • In plants, glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis, or from storagecarbohydrates. • Sucrose is then converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme, invertase, and these two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway.

\( \newcommand\) • • • • Determine the amount of ATP produced by the oxidation of glucose in the presence and absence of oxygen. Determining the exact yield of ATP for aerobic respiration is difficult for a number of reasons. First of all, the number of ATP generated per reduced NADH or FADH 2is not always a whole number. For every pair of electrons transported to the electron transport chain by a molecule of NADH, between 2 and 3 ATP are generated. For each pair of electrons transferred by FADH 2, between 1 and 2 ATP are generated. In eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotes, NADH generated in the cytoplasm during glycolysis must be transported across the mitochondrial membrane before it can transfer electrons to the electron transport chain. Muscle and brain cells use a transport mechanism that converts theNADHin the cytoplasm into FADH2. In the liver, kidneys, and heart cells, a different transport mechanism is used, andNADHin the cytoplasm is convertedinto NADH in the mitochondria. As a result, different numbers of ATP molecules are generated from cytoplasmatic NADH in each tissue. For simplicity, however, we will look at the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per glucose molecule oxidized by aerobic respiration. We will assume that for each pair of electrons transferred to the electron transport chain by NADH, 3 ATP will be generated; for each electron pair transferred by FADH 2, 2 ATP will be generated. Keep in mind, however, that less ATP may actually be generated. In euk...

• The second stage of cellular respiration is called the citric acid cycle. It is also known as the Krebs cycle after Sir Hans Adolf Krebs who discovered its steps. • Enzymes play an important role in the citric acid cycle. Each step is catalyzed by a very specific enzyme. • In eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle uses a molecule of acetyl CoA to generate 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, and 3 H+. • Two molecules of acetyl CoA are produced in glycolysis so the total number of molecules produced in the citric acid cycle is doubled (2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 6 H+). • Both the NADH and FADH2 molecules made in the Krebs cycle are sent to the electron transport chain, the last stage of cellular respiration. The first phase of cellular respiration, called acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is then used in the first step of the citric acid cycle. Each step in the cycle is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. of 10 Sources • Berg, Jeremy M. “The Citric Acid Cycle.” Biochemistry. 5th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21163/. • Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011. • “The Citric Acid Cycle.” BioCarta, http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/krebpathway.asp. Bailey, Regina. "Citric Acid Cycle Steps." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/citric-acid-cycle-373397. Bailey, Regina. (2023, April 5). Citric Acid Cycle Steps. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/citric-acid-cycle-373397 ...

This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer See Answer See Answer done loading Question:20) What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis? A) one ATP/Glucose B) two ATP/Glucose C) three ATP/Glucose D) four ATP/Glucose 21) Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-Coenzyme A: A) during glycolysis B) in the electron transport chain. C) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. D) in the citric acid cycle. 22) Moving a solute from low concentration to 20) What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis? A) one ATP/Glucose B) two ATP/Glucose C) three ATP/Glucose D) four ATP/Glucose 21) Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-Coenzyme A: A) during glycolysis B) in the electron transport chain. C) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. D) in the citric acid cycle. 22) Moving a solute from low concentration to high concentration across a membrane: A) is always at equilibrium. B) is passive transport. C) is active transport. D) is diffusion. 23) Which of the following is a product of The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex A) NADH B) Carbon Dioxide C) Acetyl-CoA D) all of these are products. 24) This is the hydrophobic component of a phospholipid. A) Glycerol B) Choline C) Fatty acid D) Phosphate. 25) Which of the following is NOT a function of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)? A) The CAC provides many precursor molecules for other biochemical pathways in the cell. B) The CAC pumps protons. C) The CAC fully ox...