The pulsar planets are indicated by the open diamonds in the figure below. Doppler spectroscopy is used to detect the periodic velocity shift of the stellar spectrum caused by an orbiting giant planet. (This method is also referred to as the radial velocity method.) From ground-based observatories, spectroscopists can measure Doppler shifts.

The James Webb Space Telescope successfully completed the unfolding of its giant gold mirror on Saturday. This rounds out some of the greatest challenges and deployments for Webb since it launched.

The telescope enhanced his vision and tempered his pride, as observations by Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. rebuffed the millennia-old conceit that the Earth is the center of the universe, spearheading the Scientific Revolution.