12 lead ecg

What is an ECG? ECG is the abbreviated term for an electrocardiogram. It is used to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles to both identify and locate pathology. Electrodes are placed on different parts of a patient’s limbs and chest to record the electrical activity. Check out our You may also be interested in our ECG flashcard deck which can be purchased as part of our collection of 2000+ OSCE flashcards. Parts of the ECG explained P waves P waves represent atrial depolarisation. In healthy individuals, there should be a P wave preceding each QRS complex. PR interval The PR interval begins at the star t of the P wave and ends at the beginning of the Q wave. It represents the time taken for electrical activity to move between the atria and the ventricles. QRS complex The QRS complex represents depolarisation of the ventricles. It appears as three closely related waves on the ECG (the Q, R and S wave). ST segment The ST segment starts at the end of the S wave and ends at the beginning of the T wave. The ST segment is an isoelectric line that represents the time between depolarisation and repolarisation of the ventricles (i.e. ventricular contraction). T wave The T wave represents ventricular repolarisation. It appears as a small wave after the QRS complex. RR interval The RR interval begins at the peak of one R wave and ends at the peak of the next R wave. It represents the time between two QRS complexes. QT interval The QT interval begins at the...

• Basic anatomy & physiology • Introduction to ECG Interpretation • Arrhythmias and arrhythmology • Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction • Conduction Defects • Cardiac Hypertrophy & Enlargement • Drugs & Electrolyte Imbalance • Genetics, Syndromes & Miscellaneous • Exercise Stress Testing (Exercise ECG) • Pacemaker & CRT • Pediatric & neonatal ECG • ECHO • TAKE A TEST • POPULAR Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle branch, such that the electrical impulse is blocked. Refer to Figure 1for an overview of the components of the ventricular conduction system, including the right bundle branch. In the setting of RBBB, depolarization (i.e activation) of the right ventricle will depend on electrical impulses spreading from the left ventricle. However, the electrical impulse that spreads from the left ventricle (to the right ventricle) will spread slowly because it travels partly or entirely outside of the conduction system. The slow spread of the impulse will result in a slow (and abnormal) activation of the right ventricle, which yields a bizarre and prolonged QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds, large R’-wave in V1/V2 and a broad and deep S-wave in V5/V6. Figure 2 illustrates a normal ECG, a right bundle branch block (RBBB) and a left bundle branch block Figure 1. The Figure 2. Right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). Note that the paper speed is 50 mm/s (1 large box...

1. The Standard 12 Lead ECG The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram is a representation of the heart's electrical activity recorded from electrodes on the body surface. This section describes the basic components of the ECG and the lead system used to record the ECG tracings. Topics for study: • • ECG Waves and Intervals: What do they mean? • P wave: the sequential activation (depolarization) of the right and left atria • QRS complex: right and left ventricular depolarization (normally the ventricles are activated simultaneously) • ST-T wave: ventricular repolarization • U wave: origin for this wave is not clear - but probably represents "afterdepolarizations" in the ventricles • PR interval: time interval from onset of atrial depolarization (P wave) to onset of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) • QRS duration: duration of ventricular muscle depolarization • QT interval: duration of ventricular depolarization and repolarization • RR interval: duration of ventricular cardiac cycle (an indicator of ventricular rate) • PP interval: duration of atrial cycle (an indicator of atrial rate) Orientation of the 12 Lead ECG It is important to remember that the 12-lead ECG provides spatial information about the heart's electrical activity in 3 approximately orthogonal directions: • Right ⇔ Left • Superior ⇔ Inferior • Anterior ⇔ Posterior Each of the 12 leads represents a particular orientation in space, as indicated below (RA = right arm; LA = left arm, LL = left foot): Bipolar...

The electrocardiogram, also referred to as EKG, ECG, or 12-lead ECG, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that evaluates your heart's electrical system to assess for heart disease. It uses flat metal electrodes placed on your chest to detect the electrical activity of your heart as it beats, which is then graphed. An ECG is also required prior to any type of heart surgery, including surgery for pacemaker placement. A pre-operative ECG is also needed before any surgical procedure that involves general anesthesia because heart disease increases the risk of adverse events from anesthesia. The screening also helps your anesthesiologists as they plan your anesthetic medications and surgical monitoring. Conditions There are a number of conditions that can be detected when your healthcare provider checks your pulse, such as tachycardia (rapid heart rate), bradycardia (slow heart rate), and arrhythmia (irregular heart rate). EKG wave patterns can verify these alterations in your heart rhythm, and certain changes in the shape of the waves provides information about the specific type of heart disease and which region in the heart is affected. • The ECG reveals the heart rate and rhythm only during the few seconds it takes to record the tracing. If an arrhythmia (heart rhythm irregularity) occurs only intermittently, an ECG might not pick it up, and • The ECG is often normal or nearly normal with many types of heart disease, such as • Sometimes, abnormalities that appear on the ECG turn...

Table of Contents • • • • • An ECG is one of the most efficient and most effective tests to evaluate the heart, making ECG interpretation a vital diagnostic skill in any medical setting. ECGs are used when diagnosing a wide range of heart issues, including myocardial infarction, ventricular fibrillation, or bundle branch blocks. An ECG is comprised of 12 leads that are broken down into two sets – chest leads and limb leads. Each lead analyzes the same electrical events; they’re just capturing the data from different angles. This article will cover some of the basics that you should know about 12-lead ECGs, what they measure, and what you’ll need to know before learning to interpret ECGs. How the 12-Lead ECG Works The 12-lead ECG works by recording the heart’s electrical activity through ten electrodes placed across the patient’s body. Each lead captures the activity and outputs it as a waveform on a screen or piece of paper. ECG leads are either bipolar, composed of two electrodes of opposite polarity, or unipolar, a lead with a single positive electrode and a reference point. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of three bipolar limb leads, three unipolar limb leads, and six unipolar chest leads. Electrodes ECG electrodes are pads that attach to the skin, conduct electricity and connect to the ECG machine to generate the 12 leads that detail the patient’s heart activity. While there are 12 leads, there are only ten electrodes. With a standard 12-lead ECG, six chest electrode...

We provide a wide range of EKG rhythm strip training with an emphasis on practice, coaching and quizzes. Use this page to access these training materials and web apps: • EKG Practice Drills • EKG Quizzes and Tests • Analysis and Interpretation Coaching • Reference Guide • Short Courses • Rhythm Practice Strips • EKG Practice Drills and Tests The EKG practice tests (drills) provide a fast and interactive method for EKG strip practice. Users are asked to interpret the EKG using a multiple choice format. Immediate feedback is available after answering each question. These EKG practice tests can be used on desktops, tablets and smartphones. EKG Quizzes Our EKG rhythm practice strip present 25 tracings for EKG interpretation. These graded EKG quizzes can be selected based upon the user's educational objectives. Quiz EKG tracings are randomly selected from our database of over 600 tracings, so the quiz can be repeated many times. Scoring as well as immediate answer feedback are provided. Our quizzes include: • Comprehensive (over 50 categories) • Physician Assistant • Nurse Practitioner • EKGs for Nurses • EKGs for ACLS • EKGs for NCLEX Prep • Patient Monitor Simulator • Basic EKG Quizzes - Standardized EKG Graded Quizzes EKG Interpretation Cheat Sheets Our EKG Interpretation Cheat Sheets provides information on reading EKG strips with over forty different abnormal EKG examples. For each arrhythmia, there are EKG strip examples and descriptive text with qualifying criteria. We a...

• Basic anatomy & physiology • Introduction to ECG Interpretation • Arrhythmias and arrhythmology • Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction • Conduction Defects • Cardiac Hypertrophy & Enlargement • Drugs & Electrolyte Imbalance • Genetics, Syndromes & Miscellaneous • Exercise Stress Testing (Exercise ECG) • Pacemaker & CRT • Pediatric & neonatal ECG • ECHO • SCA & CPR • TAKE A TEST • POPULAR Ventricular tachycardia (VT): types, causes, ECG features and management Thischapter deals with ventricular tachycardia from a clinical perspective, with emphasis on Causes of ventricular tachycardia Patients with ventricular tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromesor ischemic heart disease), cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvulardisease. Less common causes are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), long QT syndrome, sarcoidosis, Prinzmetal’s angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders, congenital heart disease and catecholamine inducedventricular tachycardia. The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary arterydisease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heartdisease. In these populations one of the strongest predictors ofsudden cardiac deathis left ventricular function. Individuals with reduced left ventricular function (e.g defin...

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Ventricular tachycardia (VT): types, causes, ECG features and management Thischapter deals with ventricular tachycardia from a clinical perspective, with emphasis on Causes of ventricular tachycardia Patients with ventricular tachycardia almost invariably have significant underlying heart disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromesor ischemic heart disease), cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvulardisease. Less common causes are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), long QT syndrome, sarcoidosis, Prinzmetal’s angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders, congenital heart disease and catecholamine inducedventricular tachycardia. The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary arterydisease (ischemic heart disease), heart failure, cardiomyopathy or valvular heartdisease. In these populations one of the strongest predictors ofsudden cardiac deathis left ventricular function. Individuals with reduced left ventricular function (e.g defined as ejection fraction 120 beats per minute). Ventricular tachycardia with rate 100 to 120 beats per minute is referred to as slow ventricular tachycardia.Ventricular tachycardia with rate >250 beats per minute is referred to as ventricular flutter. • Wide QRS complexes (QRS duration≥0,12 s). Types of ventricular tachycardia The ECG allows for subclassification of ventricular tachycard...

What is an ECG? ECG is the abbreviated term for an electrocardiogram. It is used to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles to both identify and locate pathology. Electrodes are placed on different parts of a patient’s limbs and chest to record the electrical activity. Check out our You may also be interested in our ECG flashcard deck which can be purchased as part of our collection of 2000+ OSCE flashcards. Parts of the ECG explained P waves P waves represent atrial depolarisation. In healthy individuals, there should be a P wave preceding each QRS complex. PR interval The PR interval begins at the star t of the P wave and ends at the beginning of the Q wave. It represents the time taken for electrical activity to move between the atria and the ventricles. QRS complex The QRS complex represents depolarisation of the ventricles. It appears as three closely related waves on the ECG (the Q, R and S wave). ST segment The ST segment starts at the end of the S wave and ends at the beginning of the T wave. The ST segment is an isoelectric line that represents the time between depolarisation and repolarisation of the ventricles (i.e. ventricular contraction). T wave The T wave represents ventricular repolarisation. It appears as a small wave after the QRS complex. RR interval The RR interval begins at the peak of one R wave and ends at the peak of the next R wave. It represents the time between two QRS complexes. QT interval The QT interval begins at the...