Abnormal molar mass

• Gestational trophoblastic disease is the name given to a group of tumors that form during abnormal pregnancies. • GTD is rare, affecting about one in every 1,000 pregnant women in the U.S. • While some GTD tumors are malignant (cancerous) or have the potential to turn cancerous, the majority are benign (noncancerous). • Many women treated for GTD can go on to have normal, healthy pregnancies in the future. What is gestational trophoblastic disease? Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is the term given to a group of rare tumors that develop during the early stages of pregnancy. After conception, a woman’s body prepares for pregnancy by surrounding the newly fertilized egg or embryo with a layer of cells called the trophoblast. The trophoblast helps the embryo implant itself to the uterine wall. These cells also form a large part of the tissue that make up the placenta — the organ that supplies nutrients to a developing fetus. In GTD, there are abnormal changes in the trophoblast cells that cause tumors to develop. Most GTD tumors are benign (noncancerous), but some have the potential to turn malignant (cancerous). GTD is usually classified into one of two categories: • Hydatidiform moles • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) Hydatidiform Moles A hydatidiform mole is also known as a molar pregnancy. In a molar pregnancy, there is a problem with the fertilized egg, and there is an overproduction of trophoblast tissue. This excess trophoblast tissue grows into abno...

Table of Contents • • • • • • • • What is Vant Hoff Factor? Vant Hoff introduce a factor ‘i’ known as Vant Hoff Factor which determined the extent of Association or Dissociation of Solute. It is the ratio of Normal Molar mass to Abnormal Molar Mass. The Vant Hoff factor gives insight into how solutes affect the collaborative characteristics of solutions. The symbol ‘i’is used to represent it. The ratio of a substance’s mass concentration to the concentration of the particles that are produced when it dissolves is known as the Vant’ Hoff factor. The Vant Hoff factor describes how much a substance associates or dissociates in a solution. For example, the value of ‘i’ is typically 1 when a non-electrolytic material is dissolved in water. The value of ‘i’,however, is equal to the total number of ions present in one formula unit of the material when an ionic compound forms a solution in water. i = Normal Molar Mass / Abnormal Molar Mass i = Observed value of C.P / Calculated value of C.P i =Number of Moles of solute after association or dissociation/ the total number of solute before association or dissociation. For example, CaCl2 dissociates into one Ca2+ ion and two Cl- ions, therefore its ideal Van’t Hoff factor is 3. The overall number of particles in the solution is reduced as a result of some of these ions in the solution associating with each other. This component, this factorhas the name of the Dutch physical scientist Jacobus Henricus Van’t Hoff, who was awarded the fi...

Van't Hoff Factor and Abnormal Molar Mass What is the Van’t Hoff Factor? The Van’t Hoff factor offers insight on the effect of solutes on the colligative properties of solutions. It is denoted by the symbol ‘i’. The Van’t Hoff factor can be defined as the ratio of the The extent to which a substance associates or dissociates in a solution is described by the Van’t Hoff factor. For example, when a non-electrolytic substance is dissolved in water, the value of i is generally 1. However, when an ionic compound forms a solution in water, the value of i is equal to the total number of ions present in one formula unit of the substance. For example, the Van’t Hoff factor of CaCl 2 is ideally 3, since it dissociates into one Ca 2+ ion and two Cl – ions. However, some of these ions associate with each other in the solution, leading to a decrease in the total number of particles in the solution. This factor is named after the Dutch physical chemist Jacobus Henricus Van’t Hoff, who won the first Nobel Prize in chemistry. It is important to note that the measured value of the Van’t Hoff factor for electrolytic solutions is generally lower than the predicted value (due to the pairing of ions). The greater the charge on the ions, the greater the deviation. Table of Contents • • • • Effects of Association/Dissociation • Association is the joining of two or more particles to form one entity. • An example of the association of two particles is the dimerization of carboxy...

The Van’t Hoff factor is the ratio of final moles after dissociation or association to the initial moles before dissociation or association of an electrolyte in a solution.The solute’s property is the number of particles, which is independent of the solution’s concentration. The Van’t Hoff factor for a solution may be lower than the calculated value of the actual solution at a higher concentration where the solute ions are associated with one another. The Van’t Hoff factor is always a positive integer value; it can never be negative. Characteristics of the Van’t Hoff Factor The Van’t Hoff factor showcases how solutes influence the solution’s colligative characteristics. The concentration ratio of the particles gets generated when the material gets mixed with the substance’s concentration by mass, known as the Van’t Hoff factor. When a specific non-electrolytic chemical dissolves in water, the Van’t Hoff constant value is generally 1. And the value of ‘i’ equals the total ions available in the single formula unit of an ionic molecule when the solution gets formed. We can take CaC 2 as an example. It contains an optimum Van’t Hoff factor of about 3 as it gets dissociated into two different Cl – ions and one Ca² + ion. However, a few such ions inside the solution form associations among themselves. It results in an overall reduction in the solution of the particles. The Degree of Association and Dissociation The degree of dissociation is defined as the fraction of total molec...

Introduction Molar masses that are calculated either lower or higher than expected values (generally using colligative properties) are referred to as abnormal molar masses. The abnormal molar mass is determined by the total number of moles of particles after dissociation or association of solute molecules in solvent or solution. NaOH molar mass Sodium Hydroxide is a solid ionic compound. Caustic soda, Iye, sodium hydrate, and soda lye are other names for it. It is a byproduct of the chlorine production process. It is a crystalline solid that is colorless in nature in its pure form. This compound is made up of sodium cations and hydroxide anions and is highly water-soluble. NaOH is capable of absorbing moisture from the air. It is highly corrosive and can cause severe skin burns as well as eye and other body irritation. It produces a lot of heat, so it’s always made by mixing the compound into the water, not the other way around. This inorganic compound is used in cosmetics as a buffering agent. It can also regulate the pH levels. pH of Sodium hydroxide is 13. Properties of Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH Sodium Hydroxide is a crystalline solid that is white and translucent. Because of its corrosive action on many substances, it is commonly referred to as caustic soda. It decomposes proteins at room temperature and may cause chemical burns to human bodies. Although it does not occur naturally, sodium hydroxide has been mass-produced for many years from readily available raw materia...

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Van’t Hoff Factor: Definition The Van’t Hoff factor is the ratio of final moles after dissociation or association to the initial moles before dissociation or association of an electrolyte in a solution. The number of particles is independent of the concentration of the solution, and it is the property of the solute. The Van’t Hoff factor for a solution may be lower than the calculated value of the actual solution at a higher concentration, where the solute ions are associated with one another. The Van’t Hoff factor is always a positive integer value; it can never be negative. The Van’t Hoff factor is 1 when the solute remains completely undissociated in solution; it is greater than 1 for salts and acid and less than one for the solute that associates when dissolved to form a solution. Van’t Hoff factor applies mainly to colligative properties and is noticed in the formulas for the osmotic pressure, the vapour pressure of freezing point depression, and boiling point elevation. Colligative Properties It is the property of a solution that depends on the ratio of the number of solutes present to the number of solvent particles present in the solution; it does not depend upon the chemical nature of the solution. There are four main colligative properties: • Vapour pressure • Elevation of boiling point • Depression of freezing point • Osmotic pressure. The particles that show colligative properties have an abnormal molar mass, this abnormal molar mass is because of the dissociat...

Table of Contents • • • • • • What is Abnormal Molar Mass? Such Molar Mass that is either higher or lower than expected or normal mass is known as abnormal molar mass. A colligative property is inversely proportional to molar mass. In case of dissociation, the number of solute particles increase. Hence the molar mass of the solute decreases in the case of Association, Number Solute particles decreases hence the molar mass of the solute increases. Ex – AB —-> A + + B – (dissociation) 2A———> A 2 (Association) Describe Abnormal Molar Mass Sometimes it is observed that the theoretical calculations of molecular mass that are derived from the collative characteristics of solutions don’t match the estimates that were acquired experimentally. Abnormal molar masses are the common term used to describe these results. According to Van’t Hoff, when solutes dissolve in a solvent, they separate into ions. The breakdown of solute molecules into ions causes an increase in the number of particles, which influences the colligative qualities since colligative properties are solely dependent on the number of solute particles. If every molecule of sodium chloride in one kilogram of water dissociates, the resultant solution will contain one mole of Cl- ions and one mole of Na+ ions (a total of 2 moles of ions in the solution). However, we only consider 1 mol of NaCl when computing the molar mass using the collative or colligative properties. The number of ions or molecules present in the soluti...